4 Transactions Texas Academy of Science. [50] 
and, in addition to the well-known springs mentioned, it is fed by small 
invisible springs and by seepage. It empties into Toy ah lake, a large, 
fiat depression charged with alkali, about thirty-five miles from Toyah- 
vale and about twelve miles south of Pecos. 
A half mile above Saragossa, on the main Saragossa ditch, is the Clem- 
ents grain and flour mill, a building constructed of adobe and timber, 
where there is a fail of twelve feet. The power is developed by a 35-inch 
Leffel turbine and fifteen horse powers are generated. The mill was 
rebuilt in 1893, and it now grinds both corn and wheat. The flow of the 
ditch is usually about thirty-five second-feet,, only twenty-five of which 
are utilized for power purposes. 
COMANCHE CREEK. 
Comanche creek rises at Fort Stockton and has long been a factor as 
an irrigating stream. In appearance, character, and almost constant 
flow, it is a full sister to the big springs that form the San Marcos, San 
Felipe, and Comal. Its flow in 1899 was found to be sixty-six second-feet. 
The stream feeds four irrigation ditches upon one of which (the Rooney) 
is located a water power gin of seventy saws. The fall is ten feet and 
the power is generated by a 24-inch turbine. It is estimated that ten 
horse powers are developed. 
Near Barstow there are two water power plants on the irrigating 
ditches of the Barstow Irrigation Company. These are used to operate 
the gins of Briggs & Dyer and of Geo. E. Briggs. The former is located 
on lateral No. 1 and has a head of 6.24 feet. The energy is developed by 
a 3 6 -inch Leffel turbine and thirty horse powers are easily developed by 
the flow of water in the lateral. This as measured in January, 1902, 
was fifty-four second-feet. The Briggs gin is' located on lateral No. 3 
and has a head of 7.5 feet on the 36-inch Leffel turbine and twenty-six 
horse powers can be developed by the ordinary flow of forty second-feet. 
PECOS RIVER. 
The Pecos river rises in the mountains of New Mexico and flows in a 
general southerly course through southeast New Mexico and West Texas. 
Before its waters were controlled or arrested by dams in New Mexico at 
Roswell and Carlsbad, it had one of the most reliable flows of any river 
in Texas. The irrigation systems in New Mexico have at present means 
of arresting the whole ordinary flow of the river at Carlsbad and divert- 
ing. it into Lake Avalon. The flow in the Texas portion must be accum- 
ulated from springs and seepage from the irrigation farms below Carls- 
bad. The first dam in Texas across the Pecos is located nine miles above 
the town of Pecos, and eighty miles below the dam at Lake Avalon. The 
dam at this point belongs to the Margueritta Canal Company and serves 
to deflect the water into the canals. The United States Geological Sur- 
