Bufo woodhousii fowleri 
73 
suggest this is true. Body sizes of mainland T. sirtalis and N. 
sipedon varied as much as, and in some cases more than, island 
versus mainland conspecifics. Variation in abundance and size be- 
tween mainland toads in adjacent agricultural habitats (Oldham 1985) 
was similar to our results for island versus mainland B. w. fowleri. 
Assuming that similar-aged juveniles are involved, the differ- 
ences in SVL between juveniles from coniferous versus meadow 
habitats probably reflect an expression of the modifying factors early 
in ontogeny: faster growth rates for tadpoles in impoundments sur- 
rounded by forest habitat, faster growth rates for juveniles in forest 
habitats, or migration of juveniles from meadow habitats to conifer- 
ous forest habitats. An indication of greater abundance of toads in 
wooded versus meadow habitats on Assateague Island and the cap- 
ture of toads only in wooded habitat on the mainland indicate that 
adult B. w. fowleri prefer woodland habitat (see Lee 1972). Wood- 
land habitat likely plays an important role in the life history of B. 
w. fowleri on Assategue Island. Other investigations of herpetofaunal 
colonization patterns of Atlantic Coast barrier islands indicate that 
it is not island size but the amount of woodland habitat that is 
most highly correlated with numbers of reptile and amphibian spe- 
cies present (Gibbons and Coker 1978). 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS— We thank the Chincoteague National 
Wildlife Refuge an the Wallops Island Marine Science Consortium 
for providing areas for study. We also thank M. Melnychuk for his 
helpful suggestions, S. Klinger for her assistance in preparing the 
grant proposal, and W. Diehl and R. Altig for their assistance in 
preparing the manuscript. This research was supported, in part, by 
a Professional Development Grant from the Pennsylvania State Sys- 
tem of Higher Education. 
LITERATURE CITED 
Amos, W. H. 1980. Assateague Island National Seashore Maryland and 
Virginia. U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington D.C. 
Boomsma, J. J., and J. W. Arntzen. 1985. Abundance, growth and 
feeding of natterjack toads {Bufo calamita ) in a 4-year-old artificial 
habitat. Journal of Applied Ecology 22:395-405. 
Breden, F. 1988. Natural history and ecology of Fowler’s toad Bufo 
woodhousei fowleri (Amphibia:Bufonidae), in the Indiana Dunes Na- 
tional Lakeshore. Fieldianna Zoology 1393:1-16. 
