Male Indiana Bat 
97 
ton National Forest. An active timber management program is practiced 
in this forest. We monitored emergence and departure patterns at the 
cave entrance between March and early May 1993. Using night-vision 
goggles, emergence patterns at the cave entrance were monitored by 
observing the numbers of individuals entering and leaving the cave. 
Mist nets (one net covering cave entrance) and harp traps were used 
to census species emerging from the cave (7 net nights, from sunset 
to approximately 0100 hours; one net night = 1 open net per night). 
We used head lamps with red filters and infrared goggles to aid in 
estimating numbers of individuals for all species in the cave. Myotis 
lucifugus, M. septentrionalis, M. leibii, Eptesicus fuscus, Pipistrellus 
subflavus , and M. sodalis were known to hibernate in the cave. The 
abundance of M. sodalis in the cave was determined five times (3, 
17, 24, 28 April, and 1 May) to establish spring departure patterns 
for this species. 
On 28 April 1993, two male M. sodalis were captured in the 
cave and fitted with 0.65-g radio transmitters (Holohill Systems, Ltd., 
3387 Stonecrest Road, Woodlawn, Ontario, Canada). Transmitters were 
equivalent to 6% of the body mass of each bat. Transmitters were 
attached between the shoulder blades with eyelash glue (no hair was 
removed). Each bat was placed in a cloth sack for approximately 
30 minutes to allow the glue to dry before they were released. The 
bats were released 15 minutes apart approximately 200 m south of 
the cave entrance, and tracked with radio receivers (Wildlife Materials, 
Model TRX2000S, Route 1 Box 427A, Carbondale, Illinois 62901) 
for the life of the transmitter batteries. Triangulation techniques using 
two or three observers, direct observation, and the receiver’s attenuator 
were used to identify the roost site, to delineate foraging areas, and 
to identify movement patterns. 
Vegetative characteristics of foraging and roosting habitats were 
assessed with the point-quarter sampling technique (Brower et al. 1989) 
and visual observation. Points of vegetative sampling occurred along 
seven 100-m transects. For each transect, five points were determined, 
and four trees were sampled at each point for a total of 140 trees 
sampled for all seven transects. Additional data were collected at the 
tree roost using mist nets (2 net nights; see Gardner et al. 1989 for 
description of mist netting system) and infrared goggles, the latter 
to determine activity patterns (time of emergence from roost) and 
numbers of bats associated with the tree roost. The tree roost was 
not mist netted due to its height above ground and the steep slope 
of the terrain. Forest habitat, streams, and roads surrounding foraging 
and roosting habitats were sampled with mist nets (11 net nights). 
