252 
EGYPTIAN TERMS. 
Seti-Menephtah II., No. 26; and the casts in the Vestibule ; and , in 
the Egyptian Room, the alabaster sepulchral figures.) 
III. The epoch of the revival of art, commencing with the 20th 
dynasty, distinguished for an imitation of the archaic art. The por- 
traiture is more distinct, the limbs freer and rounded. ( See statues y 
Nos. 83, 134, under Apries ; sarcophagus , No. 86; and figure. No. 
34, of a person living under Amasis;) the muscles more developed — - 
the details executed with great care and accuracy, {see obelisk of 
AmyrtcEus , 523-24 ; his sarcophagus, No. 10 ; and the intercolumnar 
slabs of Psammetichus II. and Nectanebo, Nos. 20, 22,) and the general 
effect rather dependent on the minute finish than general scope and 
breadth. Under the Ptolemies and Romans a feeble attempt is made 
to engraft Greek art on Egyptian. ( See tablets, No. 147 ; sides of 
temples, Cases 1 — 11.) But a rapid decay took place both in the 
knowledge, finish, and all the details. ( See tablets, Nos. 189, 398, 
399, 400, 401, 402, of Tiberius; and the coffins of Soter and his- 
family, under Hadrian, Egyptian Room . ) 
Hieroglyphics — In connection with the arts of the Egyptians are the- 
Hieroglyphics, which are natural objects used to express language. 
They are divided into phonetics. 
I. Alphabetic, or those representing simple vowel or consonant 
sounds ; thus an arm is used for A; an owl for M. 
II. Syllabic, or those used to represent syllables, either with alpha- 
betics after and before them or not; thus, a chisel is used for ab, a 
mat for men, a loop for ua or va. 
III. Ideophonetics, or those representing one syllable in the same 
way as No. II., but only when the syllable conveys one idea; thus, a 
branch of a tree ( nakht ) represents victory, power; a lute ( nebel ), 
nefer, good, &c. 
IV. Symbolics, or objects used to represent one idea, as the ibis to- 
express an ibis ; an ape to express anger. They often have their 
pronunciation written before them in Alphabetic (No. I.) or Sylla- 
bic (No. II.) hieroglyphics. 
V. Determinative, or those which determine the sense of words 
written in Alphabetic and Syllabic hieroglyphics, and are used in 
more senses than one ; thus, a pair of legs after all sorts of motion, 
with legs, after the Alphabetic or Syllabic, as ha, aha, un, shows that 
they mean to stand, go, appear, &c. 
Hieratic is the written hand, of which hieroglyphics are the finished 
characters employed on monuments. 
Demotic, or Enchorial, is a writing more abridged than Hieratic, in- 
troduced about the age of Cambyses, for the purposes of law docu- 
ments, letters, and accounts. 
EXPLANATION OF EGYPTIAN TERMS. 
Claft.— Head-dress with long lappets pendent on the shoulders and neck. See 
statue of Amenophis III. Egyptian Saloon, 21. Coffins of mummies, &c. 
Gom.— Sort of sceptre, terminating in the head of an animal called the koucoupha. 
See m the hands of a male figure in a fresco painting. Eg. Sal. 176, and obieet 
Egypt. Room, Cases 10, 11. No. 2022. J 
Oskh— Semicircular collar or tippet worn round the neck. See bust of Rameses 
II. or III. (Sesostris), Eg. Sal. 19. Object in Case 46, 49. Div. 2. 
