CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA. 
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70. Cupuliferae. Fruit of 3-angled, 1-seeded nuts, contained in a hard 
4-lobed involucre. — Trees. Leaves alternate, stipulate (248). 
71. Urticeae. Fruit a minute 1-seeded nut, enclosed by the perianth. — 
Herbs shrubs or trees (p. 250). 
§ 5. Flowers uni- bisexual. Perianth 0. Ovary \-celled. 
72. Chloranthaceae. Flowers uni- or bisexual. Stamens 1-3, epi- 
gynous. Ovary 1 -celled ; ovule 1, pendulous. — Herbs and shrubs. Leaves 
opposite (p. 253). 
73. Piperaceae. Flowers bisexual, minute, closely packed in slender 
spikes. Stamens usually 2, hypogynous. Ovary 1-celled; ovule 1, erect. — 
Herbs and shrubs (p. 254). 
74. Balanophoreae. Flowers unisexual. Stamens various. Ovary 
1-celled ; ovules solitary, pendulous. — Foot parasites. Leafless or with scales 
on the stems (p. 255). 
Subdivision II. G YMN08PERM2E. 
Ovules naked, not enclosed in an ovary. 
75. Coniferae. Anthers in the male, ovules in the female, inserted on 
scales, which often form catkins or cones. — Trees and shrubs (p. 255). 
Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONS. 
Stem, when perennial, without pith, bark, or rings of wood, but consisting 
of a cellular axis with scattered longitudinal vascular bundles. Veins of the 
leaves usually parallel, not netted, or if so, by parallel veinlets. Perianth 
when present usually 3- or 6-merous, the leaflets all petaloid ; often absent, 
the flowers being contained in the axils of scales arranged in spikelets. Sta- 
mens usually 3 or 6. Embryo with 1 cotyledon, the plumule being developed 
in a cavity at its side, and the rootlets from its radicular end, which does not 
elongate. 
Subclass I. PetaloideSB. Perianth, when present, of 6 leaflets in 2 
whorls ; obscure or absent in Pandanece, Typhacece, and some Naiadece. 
§ 1. Perianth superior, of 6 coloured leaflets. 
1. Orchideae. Perianth very irregular. Anthers 1 or 2, sessile in a 
stigmatiferous column. Ovary 1-celled (p. 260). 
2. Irideae. Perianth regular. Stamens 3. Ovary 3-celled (p. 273). 
3. Hypoxideae. Perianth regular. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled (p. 
274). 
§ 2. Perianth incomplete or 0 ( see Lenina, Ruppia, and Zannichellia in § 3.) 
4. Pandaneae. Flowers unisexual, in dense spikes or catkins. Perianth 
0, or imperfect. Stamens numerous. Ovaries 1-celled, usually numerous 
and connate, truncate; stigmas sessile. — Shrubby. Leaves with sheathing- 
bases (p. 275). 
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