Ixvi CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA. 
5. Typhaceee. Flowers unisexual, in dense spikes or catkins. Peri- 
anth 0, or of slender hairs. Stamens crowded. Ovaries crowded, tapering 
into a slender style, stigma lateral. — -Marsh or water plants (p. 276). 
§ 3. Perianth of 6 inferior leaflets ( absent in Lemna, Ruppia, and Zannickellia). 
6. BJaiadese. Perianth of small green leaflets or 0. Stamens 1-6. 
Ovaries 1-6, free, each 1-ovuled.- — Marsh or water plants (p. 277). 
7. Lriliaeese. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth of 6 petaloid leaflets. 
Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled, cells usually 2- or many-ovuled (p. 280). 
8. Palme ae. Flowers unisexual. Perianth of 6 coriaceous or fleshy 
leaflets. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled or ovaries 3, cells 1-ovuled (p. 287). 
9. Juncess. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth of 6 dry brown lanceo- 
late leaflets. Stamens 3 or 6. Ovary 1- or 3-celled (p. 2S8). 
Subclass II. Grlumacese. Perianth usually absent or of minute scales 
or hairs. Flowers in the axils of concave scales collected into spikelets. 
The perianth is regular and evident in some Restiacece. 
10. Restiacese. Perianth of 4-6 leaflets, or absent or reduced to scales. 
Anthers versatile, 1-celled. Ovary 1-3-celled, or of several free carpels. — 
Grass or rush-like plants. Leaves sheathing, sheath split to the base. Flowers 
unisexual (p. 293). 
11. Oyperaceae. Perianth 0, or of bristles or minute scales. Anthers 
terminal, 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Pericarp coriaceous. Embryo 
at the base of albumen.— Grass or rush-like herbs. Culms solid. Leaves 
sheathing, sheath entire (p. 296). 
12. Gramineee. Perianth 0, or of 2 minute scales. Stamens 3. An- 
thers versatile. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Pericarp membranous, adhering 
firmly to the seed. Embryo at the side of the base of the albumen.— Herbs. 
Gulins fistular, jointed. Leaves sheathing; sheaths split to the base (p. 317). 
B. Flowerless Plants, answering to 
Class III. CHYPTOGAMIA. 
Plants cellular or vascular, without true stamen, pistil, or ovules. Organs 
of fructification often very minute, giving origin to microscopic spores by which 
the species are propagated. Spores germinating by microscopic threads, or 
by a prothallium. Fecundation (when known) effected by spermatozoids 
(not by pollen grains). 
Subclass I. Acrogens. — Plants usually furnished with distinct stem 
and leaves, the latter symmetrically arranged. Stems usually dichotomously 
branched ; sometimes reduced to simple fronds or membranous green expan- 
sions, then furnished with a midrib. Fructification various. 
1. Filices. Stems of cellular tissue traversed by spirally marked vessels, 
which are often collected into hard woody bundles. Fructification of very 
