lxviii 
CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA. 
Fructification of two kinds ; 1, lateral red “ globules” composed of 8 3-angu- 
lar scales which enclose a mass of jointed filaments; 2, axillary “nucules” 
surrounded by 5 spiral filaments, and filled with starch granules. 
Subclass II. Thallogens.— Plants usually without a distinct leafy 
stem, forming a flattened or cylindric, dichotomously branched or variously 
formed frond or tliallus, or composed of articulated threads or simple cells 
variously disposed ; vascular or spiral tissue 0 or extremely rare. Fructifica- 
tion imbedded in the substance of the thallus, very various. 
8. Lichenes. Perennial, coriaceous, or rigid or crustaceous plants, all 
terrestrial, consisting of a thallus which is erect or oppressed to the ground, 
or to rocks or trees, often reduced to mere scales or a powdery crust ; sub- 
stance always very dense, cellular externally ; filamentous internally. Fructi- 
fication of two kinds: 1, septate spores contained in tubes (asci) which are 
usually collected into hard peltate disks or shields formed of the upper surface 
of the thallus, but sometimes are imbedded in cracks of the thallus ; 2, spermo- 
gones, or small sacs containing spermatia, which latter are supposed to be a 
form of spermatozoa ; 3, pycnides, obscure organs, giving origin to spore- 
like bodies at their tips ; 4, gonidia, or globose spore-like bodies imbedded 
in the filamentous substance of the thallus, and sometimes breaking through 
the cortical substance, and forming powdery masses called soredia and 
cyphella. 
9. Fungi. Cellular, terrestrial or epiphytic or parasitic plants, present- 
ing an infinite variety of forms, but never forming flat crusts or foliaceous ex- 
pansions as the Lichenes and Algce, frequently existing on animal matter and 
on living or dead foliage, often ephemeral, variously coloured, rarely green. 
Substance consisting of a congeries of cells or cellular filaments, usually soft 
or succulent, never containing gonidia. Fructification of microscopic spores 
attached to the outer cellular surface, or seated on the top of peculiar cells, 
or contained in asci as in Lichenes. 
Most delicate spiral filaments have been found in a few genera. 
10. Algse. Cellular marine and freshwater plants, consisting of folia- 
ceous variously often brightly coloured fronds, which are simple or branched 
or pinnatelv divided, with or without midrib, or reduced to cellular fila- 
ments, or to simple cells. Fructification of four kinds, free or imbedded 
in the tissue of the frond, either promiscuously or in separate sacs or ve- 
sicles ; 1, zoospores, or minute bodies moving through the water by the 
motion of fine cilia, and requiring very high power of the microscope to 
render them visible; 2, spores of various forms, which are fertilized by 
antheridia; 3, antheridia, containing spermatozoa; 4, gonidia, or minute 
organs corresponding to the buds of higher plants. 
