OUTLINES OF BOTANY. xxiii 
rugose , when wrinkled or marked with irregular raised or depressed lines. 
umbilicate, when marked with a small round depression. 
umbonate, when bearing a small boss like that of a shield. 
viscous , viscid , or glutinous, when covered with a sticky or clammy exudation. 
scabrous, when rough to the touch. 
tuberculate or warted, when covered with small, obtuse, wart-like protuberances. 
muricate, when the protuberances are more raised and pointed but yet short and 
hard. 
echinate, when the protuberances are longer and sharper, almost prickly. 
setose or bristly, when bearing very stiff erect straight hairs. 
glandular-setose, when the setae or bristles terminate in a minute resinous head or 
drop. In some works, especially in the case of Roses and Rubus, the meaning of setae 
has been restricted to such as are glandular. 
glochidiate, when the setae are hooked at the top. 
pilose, when the surface is thinly sprinkled with rather long simple hairs. 
hispid, when more thickly covered with rather stiff hairs. 
hirsute, when the hairs are dense and not so stiff. 
downy or pubescent, when the hairs are short and soft ; puberulent, when slightly 
pubescent. 
strigose, when the hairs are rather short and stiff, and lie close along the surface 
all in the same direction ; strigillose, when- slightly strigose. 
tomentose or cottony, when the hairs are very short and soft, rather dense and 
more or less intricate, and usually white or whitish. 
woolly ( lanate ), when the hairs are long and loosely intricate, like wool. The 
wool or tomentum is said to be floccose when closely intricate and readily detached, 
like fleece. 
mealy (farinose), when the hairs are excessively short, intricate and white, and 
come off readily, having the appearance of meal or dust. 
canescent or hoary, when the hairs are so short as not readily to be distinguished 
by the naked eye, and yet give a general whitish hue to the epidermis. 
glaucous, when of a pale bluish-green, often covered with a fine bloom. 
174. The meanings here attached to the above terms are such as appear to have been 
most generally adopted, but there is much vagueness in the use practically made of 
many of them by different botanists. This is especially the case with the terms pilose, 
hispid, hirsute, pubescent, and tomentose. 
175. The name of Glands is given to several different productions, and principally 
to the four following : — 
1. Small wart-like or shield-like bodies, either sessile or sometimes stalked, of a 
fungous or somewhat, fleshy consistence, occasionally secreting a small quantity of oily 
or resinous matter, but more frequently dry. They are generally few in number, often 
definite in their position and form, and occur chiefly on the petiole or principal veins 
of leaves, on the branches of inflorescences, or on the stalks or principal veins of bracts, 
sepals, or petals. 
2. Minute raised dots, usually black, red, or dark-coloured, of a resinous or oily 
nature, always superficial, and apparently exudations from the epidermis. They are 
often numerous on leaves, bracts, sepals, and green branches, aud occur even on petals 
and stamens, more rarely on pistils. When raised upon slender stalks they are called 
pedicellate (or stipitate) glands, or glandular hairs, according to the thickness of the 
stalk. 
3. Small, globular, oblong or even linear vesicles, filled with oil, imbedded in the 
substance itself of leaves, bracts, floral organs, or fruits. They are often very numer- 
ous, like transparent dots, sometimes few and determinate in form and position. In 
the pericarp of Umbelliferce they are remarkably regular and conspicuous, and take 
the name of vittae. 
4. Lobes of the disk (137), or other small fleshy excrescences within the flower, 
whether from the receptacle, calyx, corolla, stamens, or pistil. 
