XX 
OUTLINES OF BOTANY. 
tically however it has been found more convenient to restrict cohesion to the union of 
parts of the same whorl, and adhesion to the union of parts of different whorls. 
connate , when so closely united that they cannot be separated without laceration. 
Each of the two connate parts, and especially that one which is considered the smaller 
or of the least importance, is said to be adnate to the other. 
free , when neither coherent nor connate. 
distinct is also used in the same sense, but is also applied to parts distinctly visible 
or distinctly limited. 
§ 13. The Fruit. 
146. The Fruit (15) consists of the ovary and whatever other parts of the flower are 
‘persistent ( i . e. persist at the time the seed is ripe), usually enlarged, and more or less 
altered in shape and consistence. It encloses or covers the seed or seeds till the period 
of maturity, when it either opens for the seed to escape, or falls to the ground with the 
seed. When stalked, its stalk has been termed a carpophore. 
147. Fruits are, in elementary works, said to be simple when the result of a single 
flower, compound when they proceed from several flowers closely packed or combined 
in a head. But as a fruit resulting from a single flower, with several distinct carpels, 
is compound in the sense in which that term is applied to the ovary, the terms single 
and aggregate , proposed for the fruit resulting from one or several flowers, may be more 
appropriately adopted. In descriptive botany a fruit is always supposed to result from 
a single flower unless the contrary be stated. It may, like the pistil, be syncarpous 
or apocarpous (125) ; and as in many cases carpels united in the flower may become 
separate as they ripen, an apocarpous fruit may result from a syncarpous pistil. 
148. The involucre or bracts often persist and form part of aggregate fruits, but very 
seldom so in single ones. 
149. The receptacle becomes occasionally enlarged and succulent ; if when ripe it 
falls off with the fruit, it is considered as forming part of it. 
150. The adherent part of the calyx of epigynous flowers always persists and forms 
part of the fruit ; the free part of the calyx of epigynous flowers or the calyx of perigy- 
nous flowers, either persists entirely at the top of or round the fruit, or the lobes alone 
fall off, or the lobes fall off with whatever part of the calyx is above the insertion of 
the petals, or the whole of what is free from the ovary falls off, including the disk bear- 
ing the petals. The calyx of hypogynous flowers usually falls off entirely or persists 
entirely. In general a calyx is called deciduous if any part falls off. When it persists 
it is either enlarged round or under the fruit, or it withers and dries up. 
151. The corolla usually falls off entirely ; when it persists it is usually withered 
and dry (marcescent), or very seldom enlarges round the fruit. 
152. The stamens either fall off, or more or less of then- filaments persists, usually 
withered and dry. 
153. The style sometimes falls off or dries up and disappears ; sometimes persists, 
forming a point to the fruit, or becomes enlarged into a wing or other appendage to 
the fruit. 
154. The Pericarp is the portion of the fruit formed of the ovary, and whatever ad- 
heres to it exclusive of and outside of the seed or seeds, exclusive also of the persistent 
receptacle, or of whatever portion of the calyx persists round the ovary without adhe- 
ring to it. 
155. Fruits have often external appendages called icings (alee), leaks, crests , awns, 
etc., according to their appearance. They are either formed by persistent parts of the 
flower more or less altered, or grow out of the ovary or the persistent part of the 
calyx. If the appendage be a ring of hairs or scales round the top of the fruit, it is 
called a pappus 
156. Fruits are generally divided into succulent (including fleshy , pulpy, and juicy 
fruits) and dry. They are dehiscent when they open at maturity to let out the seeds, 
indehiscent when they do not open spontaneously but fall off with the seeds. Succu- 
lent fruits are usually indehiscent. 
157. The principal kinds of succulent fruits are 
the Berry, in which the whole substance of the pericarp is fleshy or pulpy, with 
