XIV 
OUTLINES OF BOTANY. 
98. In very many cases, a so-called simple perianth (15) (of which the parts are 
usually called leaves or segments) is one in which the sepals and petals are similar in form 
and texture, and present apparently a single whorl. But if examined in the young bud, 
one half of the parts will generally be found to be placed outside the other half, and 
there will frequently be some slight difference in texture, size, and colour, indicating to 
the close observer the presence of both calyx and corolla. Hence much discrepancy in 
descriptive works. Where one botanist describes a simple perianth of six segments, 
another will speak of a double perianth of three sepals and three petals. 
99. The following terms and prefixes, expressive of the modifications of form and 
arrangement of the corolla and its petals, are equally applicable to the calyx and its 
sepals, and to the simple perianth and its segments. 
100. The Corolla is said to be monopetalous when the petals are united, either en- 
tirely or at the base only, into a cup, tube, or ring ; polypetalous when they are all 
free from the base. These expressions, established by a long usage, are not strictly 
correct, for monopetalous (consisting of a single petal) should apply rather to a corolla 
really reduced to a single petal, which would then be on one side of the axis ; and 
polypetalous is sometimes used more appropriately for a corolla with an indefinite 
number of petals. Some modern botanists have therefore proposed the term gamo- 
petalous for the corolla with united petals, and dialypetalous for that with free petals ; 
but the old-established expressions are still the most generally used. 
101. When the petals are partially united, the lower entire portion of the corolla is 
called the tube , whatever be its shape, and the free portions of the petals are called the 
teeth , lobes, or segments (39), according as they are short or long in proportion to the 
whole length of the corolla. When the tube is excessively short, the petals appear at 
first sight free, but their slight union at (he base must be carefully attended to, being 
of importance in classification. 
102. The Estivation of a corolla, is the arrangement of the petals, or of such 
portion of them as is free, in the unexpanded bud. It is 
valvate, when they are strictly wliorled in their whole length, their edges being 
placed against each other without overlapping. If the edges are much inflexed, the 
aestivation is at the same time induplicate ; involute, if the margins arc rolled inward ; 
reduplicate, if the margins project outwards into salient angles ; revolute, if the 
margins are rolled outwards ; plicate, if (he petals are folded in longitudinal plaits. 
imbricate, when the whorl is more or less broken by some of the petals being out- 
side the others, or by their overlapping each other at least at the top. Five-petaled 
imbricate corollas are quincuncially imbricate when one petal is outside, and an adjoin- 
ing one wholly inside, the three others intermediate and overlapping on one side ; 
bilabiate, when two adjoining ones are inside or outside the three others. Imbricate 
petals are described as crumpled (corrugate) when puckered irregularly in the bud. 
twisted, contorted, or convolute, when each petal overlaps an adjoining one on one 
side, and is overlapped by the other adjoining one on the other side. Some botanists 
include the twisted aestivation in the general term imbricate ; others carefully distin- 
guish the one from the other. 
103. In a few cases the overlapping is so slight that the three aestivations cannot 
easily be distinguished one from the other ; in a few others the aestivation is variable, 
even in the same species, but, in general, it supplies a constant character in species, in 
genera, or even in Natural Orders. 
104. In general shape the Corolla is 
tubular, when the whole or the greater part of it is in the form of a tube or 
cylinder. 
campanulate, when approaching in some measure the shape of a cup or bell. 
urceolate, when the tube is swollen or nearly globular, contracted at the top, and 
slightly expanded again in a narrow rim. 
rotate or stellate, when the petals or lobes are spread out horizontally from the 
base, or nearly so, like a wheel or star. 
hypocrateriform or salver-shaped, when the lower part is cylindrical and the upper 
portion expanded horizontally. In this case the name of tube is restricted to the 
cylindrical part, and the horizontal portion is called the limb, whether it be divided to 
the base or not. The orifice of the tube is called its mouth or throat. 
