X 
OUTLINES OF BOTANY. 
ent from the stem-leaves in size, shape, colour, or arrangement. They are generally 
much smaller and more sessile. They often partake of the colour of the flower, 
although they very frequently also retain the green colour of the leaves. When small 
they are often called scales. 
61. Floral leaves or leafy bracts are generally the lower bracts on the upper leaves 
at the base of the flowering branches, intermediate in size, shape, or arrangement, 
between the stem-leaves and the upper bracts. 
62. Bracteoles are the one or two last bracts under each flower, when they differ 
materially in size, shape, or arrangement from the other bracts. 
63. Stipules are leaf-like or scale-like appendages at the base of the leaf-stalk, or 
on the node of the stem. When present there are generally two, one on each side of 
the leaf, aud they sometimes appear to protect the young leaf before it is developed. 
They are however exceedingly variable in size and appearance, sometimes exactly like 
the true leaves except that they have no buds in their axils, or looking like the leaflets 
of a compound leaf, sometimes apparently the only leaves of the plant ; generally 
small and narrow, sometimes reduced to minute scales, spots or scare, sometimes 
united into one opposite the leaf, or more or less united with, or adnate to the petiole, 
or quite detached from the leaf, and forming a ring or sheath round the stem in the 
axil of the leaf. In a great number of plants they are entirely wanting. 
64. Stipellce, or secondary stipules, are similar organs, sometimes found on com- 
pound leaves at the points where the leaflets are inserted. 
65. When scales, bracts, or stipules, or almost any part of the plant besides leaves 
and flowers are stalked, they are said to be stipitate , from stipes, a stalk. 
§ 7. Inflorescence and its Bracts. 
66. The Inflorescence of a plant is the arrangement of the flowering branches, 
and of the flowers upon them. An Inflorescence is a flowering branch, or the 
flowering summit of a plant above the last stem-leaves, with its branches, bracts, and 
flowers. 
67. A single flower, or an inflorescence, is terminal when at the summit of a stem 
or leafy branch, axillary when in the axil of a stem-leaf, leaf-opposed when opposite 
to a stem-leaf. The inflorescence of a plant is said to be terminal or determinate when 
the main stem and principal branches end in a flower or inflorescence (not in a leaf- 
bud), axillary or indeterminate when all the flowers or inflorescences are axillary, the 
stem or branches ending in leaf-buds. 
68. A Peduncle is the stalk of a solitary flower, or of an inflorescence ; that is to say, 
the portion of the flowering branch from the last stem-leaf to the flower, or to the first 
ramification of the inflorescence, or even up to its last ramifications ; but the portion 
extending from the first to the last ramifications or the axis of inflorescence is often 
distinguished under the name of rhachis. 
69. A Scape or radical Peduncle is a leafless peduncle proceeding from the stock, or 
from near the base of the stem, or apparently from the root itself. 
70. A Pedicel is the last branch of an inflorescence, supporting a single flower. 
71. The branches of inflorescences may be, like those of stems, opposite, alternate, 
etc. (32, 33), but very often their arrangement is different from that of the leafy 
branches of the same plant. 
72. Inflorescence is 
centrifugal, when the terminal flower opens first, and those on the lateral branches 
are successively developed. 
centripetal, when the lowest flowers open first, and the main stem continues to 
elongate, developing fresh flowers. 
73. Determinate inflorescence is usually centrifugal. Indeterminate inflorescence is 
always centripetal. Both inflorescences may be combined on one plant, for it often 
happens that the main branches of an inflorescence are centripetal, whilst the flowers 
on the lateral branches are centrifugal ; or vice versa. 
74. An Inflorescence is 
a Spike, or spicate, when the flowers are sessile along a simple undivided axis or 
rhachis. 
