OUTLINES OF BOTANY. 
Vll 
cinate, when the lateral lobes are curved backwards towards the base of the leaf ; 
pectinate , when the lateral lobes are numerous, narrow, and regular, like the teeth of 
a comb. 
palmate or digitate, when several diverge from the same point, compared to the 
fingers of the hand. 
ternate , when three only start from the same point, in which case the distinction 
between the palmate and pinnate arrangement often ceases, or can only be determined 
by analogy with allied plants. A leaf with ternate lobes is called trifid. A leaf with 
three leaflets is sometimes improperly called a ternate leaf : it is the leaflets that are 
ternate ; the whole leaf is trifoliolate. Ternate leaves are leaves growing three together. 
pedate, when the division is at first ternate, but the two outer branches are 
forked, the outer ones of each fork again forked, and so on, and all the branches are 
near together at the base, compared vaguely to the foot of a bird. 
42. Leaves with pinnate, palmate, pedate, etc., leaflets, are usually for shortness called 
pinnate, palmate, pedate, etc., leaves. If they are so cut into segments only, they are 
usually said to be pinnatisect, palmatisect,pedatisect, etc., although the distinction be- 
tween segments and leaflets is often unheeded in descriptions, and cannot indeed always 
be ascertained. If the leaves are so cut only into lobes, they are said to be pinnatijid, 
palmatijid, pedatifid, etc. 
43. The teeth, lobes, segments, or leaflets, may be again toothed, lobed, divided, or 
compounded. Some leaves are even three or more times divided or compounded. In 
the latter case they are termed decompound. When twice or thrice pinnate ( bipinnate 
or tripinnate) , each primary or secondary division, with the leaflets it comprises, is 
called a pinna. When the pinna of a leaf or the leaflets of a pinna are in pairs, wilh- 
out an odd terminal pinna or leaflet, the leaf or pinna so divided is said to be abruptly 
pinnate ; if there is an odd terminal pinna or leaflet, the leaf or pinna is unequally 
pinnate (imparipinnatum). 
44. The number of leaves or their parts is expressed adjectively by the following 
numerals, derived from the Latin : — 
uni-, bi-, tri-, quadri-, quinque-, sex-, septera-, octo-, novem-, deeem-, multi- 
I-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, many- 
prefixed to a termination, indicating the particular kind of part referred to. Thus — 
unidentate, bidentate, multidentate, mean one-toothed, two-toothed, many-toothed, 
etc. 
bifid, trifid, multifid, mean two dobed, tliree-lobed, many-lcbed, etc. 
unifoliolate, bfoliolate, multifoliolate, mean having one leaflet, two leaflets, many 
leaflets, etc. 
unifioliate , bifoliate, multifoliate, mean having one leaf, two leaves, many leaves, 
etc. 
biternate and triternate, mean twice or thrice ternately divided. 
unijugate, bijugate, multijugate, etc., pinnse or leaflets, mean that they are in one, 
two, many, etc., pairs ( iuga ). 
45. Leaves or their parts, when flat, or any other flat organs in plants, are 
linear, when long and narrow, at least four or five times as long as broad, falsely 
compared to a mathematical line, for a linear leaf has always a perceptible breadth. 
lanceolate , when about three or more times as long as broad, broadest below the 
middle, and tapering towards the summit, compared to the head of a lance. 
cuneate, when broadest above the middle, and tapering towards the base, compared 
to a wedge with the point downwards ; when very broadly cuneate and rounded at the 
top, it is often called flabelliform or fan-shaped. 
spathulate, when the broad part near the top is short, and the narrow tapering 
part long, compared to a spatula or flat ladle. 
ovate , when scarcely twice as long as broad, and rather broader below the middle, 
compared to the longitudinal section of an egg ; obovate is the same form, with the 
broadest part above the middle. 
orbicular, oval, oblong, elliptical, rhomboidal, etc., when compared to the corre- 
sponding mathematical figures. 
transversely oblong, or oblate, when conspicuously broader than long. 
