VII. LICHENES. 
553 
a good many new species are indicated but not described. W ith regard to the other species 
there mentioned, having seen no specimens, I do not venture to introduce them, except by 
name at the end of each genus, as many may be identical with species described under other 
names by Babington, myself, or others. For myself, I frankly confess that I find it impos- 
sible to determine even the toliaceous Lichens satisfactorily, except by comparison of speci- 
mens ; whilst the species of the crustaceous and corticolous genera are so difficult to examine, 
and impossible to describe in definite language, that I doubt any two independent workers 
coming to a tolerably close agreement regarding their limits and nomenclature, even if they 
worked upon the same specimens. 
The two arrangements most in vogue are those of Fee and Nylander, the latter of whom 
I have followed. The size of the spores affords, in many cases, excellent specific characters, but 
to ascertain this accurately for the New Zealand species, would take many months of micro- 
scopic study, and as the value of such characters can only be judged of after a vast number 
of measurements, I have not pretended to introduce them. 
KEY TO NYLANDER’s ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA, FOLLOWED IN 
THIS WORK. 
Family I. Collemacei. 
Thallus black-brown or olive-green, often subgelatinous. Gonidia without 
a cellular membrane, usually traversing the thallus in moniliform lines. Apo- 
thecia often red, white or pale inside. 
Tribe I. Lichinei. Thallus shrubby. 
1. Lichina. 
Tribe II. Collemei. Thallus usually horizontal, foliaceous, lobed. 
2. Coble m a. Thallus without a cortical cellular layer. 
3. Leptogium. Thallus with a cortical cellular layer. 
Family II. Lichenacei. 
Thallus variously coloured, not soft or gelatinous. Gonidia with a cellular 
membrane. 
Series A. EPICONIOIDEI. Spores collected into a black powdery or 
crustaceous deciduous spore-mass. 
Tribe I. Caliciei. Very minute. Thallus crustaceous or 0. Apothecia on slender, 
often filiform stalks. 
4. Calicium. 
Tribe II. Sphserophorei. Thallus shrubby ,with dilated or swollen tips of the branches 
which bear the apothecia. 
5. Sphairophoron. 
Series B. CLADODIEI. Thallus usually erect. Apothecia terminal on 
erect podetia, usually without a border. Spores often 8 in an ascus, oblong, 
rarely elongate and septate. 
Tribe III. Bseomycei. 
6. Ba:omyces. 
Thallus horizontal, crustaceous. Apothecia pale red or brown. 
Spores simple or \-%-septate. 
Tribe IV. Cladoniei. Thallus foliaceous or scaly, or of branched shrubby podetia. 
Apothecia convex, without a border. Spores simple. 
2 0 
7. Cladonia. 
vol. i. 
