560 
VII. LICHENES. 
7. CLADONIA, Hoffmann. 
Thallus of horizontal scales, giving off erect tubular or laciniate podetia, or 
shrubby or tufted, and formed of erect podetia, which are often branched or 
smooth, scaly or granular and sometimes perforated, often dilated at the apex 
into conical cups. Apothecia terminal on the podetia or its lobes, convex, 
without thalline border, scarlet red-brown or whitish, rarely blackish ; spores 
small, oblong, simple. Spermagonia with simple or sparingly branched 
sterigmata. 
A very large genus of Lichens, most abundant on alpine and subalpiue moorlands; a few 
species occur on old wood in damp forests. 
§ 1. Apothecia pale or brown, 
a. Thallus foliaceous, laciniate. Podetia bearing cups. 
1. C. pyxidata, Fries ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 297. Thallus ashy-grey, 
glaucous or greenish, scaly below or naked ; podetia often scaly or partially 
powdery or furfuraceous ; cups cyathiform, well developed. Apothecia pale 
brown or reddish; spores oblong. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 193. 
Northern and Middle Islands and Lord Auckland’s group: common. (Cosmo- 
polite.) 
2. C. fimbriata, Hoffm,.; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 297. Thallus as in 
B. pyxidata , but podetia white or glaucous, altogether powdery, and the cups 
usually narrower. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 194. 
Northern and Middle Islands : common. (Cosmopolite.) 
3. C. gracilis, Hoff in. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 297. Thallus ashy, 
pale or greenish, with scaly leaflets below or naked ; podetia elongate, corti- 
cate, smooth, subulate or bearing cups. Apothecia sessile or stalked, brown 
or reddish ; spores oblong. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 196. C. verticilluta, 
Floerke; Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 296. C. sarmentosa, Hook. f. and Tayl. in 
Loud. Journ. Bot. iii. 651. 
Northern and Middle Islands and Lord Auckland’s group : common. (Cos- 
mopolite chiefly in cold regions.) 
4. C. decorticata, Fries; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 298. Thallus with 
close-set glaucous scales, which cover the podetia ; lowest scales broad, cre- 
nate, white or blackish below; podetia cylindric, without cups or with narrow 
ones. Apothecia brown, usually numerous and confluent ; spores oblong. — 
Nyland. Synops. Lich. 199. 
Northern Island : on wood, Colenso. (Europe.) — I find no specimens in.the Herba- 
rium, and Nylander gives no southern habitat. 
5. C. cariosa, Floerke. — C. degenerans, Floerke ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 
279. Thallus cinereous, glaucous, with crenate scales at the base ; podetia 
naked below, above white granular warted and cancellate ; cups unequally 
digitately parted ; divisions fastigiate. Apothecia brown, turgid, large ; 
spores oblong. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 194. 
Northern and Middle Islands: Bay of Islands, Colenso, to Otago, Lindsay. (Cos- 
mopolite.) 
/8. Cups none. Podetia imperforate , except sometimes at the axils. 
6. C. furcata, Hoffm. ;— Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 296. Thallus scaly or 
