Verrucaria .] 
VII. LICHENES. 
593 
ous, imperfectly defined, smooth, coal-black, with innumerable minute cracks. 
Apothecia black, immersed in slightly swollen papillae of the thallus, dot-like ; 
spores ellipsoid, simple. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 275. 
Northern and Middle Islands: on stones on the beach, Colenso ; Otago, on trap 
rock, Lindsay. (Cosmopolite ?) 
Series 2. Species growing on bark, 
a. Spores usually \-septate. 
4. V. gemmata, Acli . — V. alba?, Schrad. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 307. 
Thallus almost filmy, whitish, indeterminate, continuous or somewhat cracked, 
nearly smooth. Apothecia large, prominent, hemispherical or deformed, naked 
or invested with a thin film ; asci cyliudric ; spores ellipsoid. — Nyland. Exp. 
Synops. Pyren. 53. 
Northern Island : Bay of Islands, on bark, J. I). H. (Europe, N. America.) 
5. V. epidermidis, Acli. Thallus very thin, spreading, cream-coloured. 
Apothecia black, very minute, roundish, convex, circumference depressed, with 
a hemispherical central mamilla ; spores oblong or ovoid-oblong. — Nyland. 
Exp. Synops. Pyren. 58. V. punctiformis, DC.; FI. Antarct. 
Var. gemellipara, Knight in Linn. Trans. 23. 99. t. 11. f. 3. Thallus yellowish, with a 
black border. Apothecia crowded, when moist hidden by the epidermis ; spores obovate ; 
upper cell largest. 
Var. pseudo-punctiformis , Knight, 1. c. t. 11. f. 4. Thallus fulvous. Apothecia crowded, 
more or less superficial, but prominent when dry, dimidiate. Spores obovate fusiform, some- 
times 5-septate. 
Northern and Middle Islands : Auckland, on bark, Kniglit. (Cosmopolite.) 
6. V. miiratella, Kniglit , l. c. t. 11./. 1. Thallus thin ashy, smooth, 
effuse. Apothecia, when moist immersed, dry, innate, very minute, crowded, 
entire, globose ; asci elliptic-oblong ; spores yellow, clavate. O' 000 14 in. broad, 
0 0006 in. long. 
Northern Island: Auckland, Knight. 
7. V. binucleolafa, Knight, l.c. t. 11./. 2. Thallus brown, effuse. 
Apothecia small, superficial, dimidiate, spreading at the base ; asci elongate, 
cylindric ; spores brown, 2-nucleolate, obovate, 0'00034 in. broad, 0'00065 
in. long. 
Northern Island : Auckland, on bark, Knight. 
8. V. magnospora, Kniglit, l.c. t. 11./. 5. Thallus asliy-black, con- 
tiguous, effuse, with a black border. Apothecia naked, large, with a white 
border, dimidiate, spreading at the base ; asci clavate ; spores very large, at 
length pale brown, constricted in the middle, with a double hyaline border, 
0'00086 in. broad, 0'018-0'0224 in. long. 
Northern Island : Auckland, on bark, Knight. 
jS. Spores usually 3-septate. 
9. V. nitida, Schrad. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 307. Thallus determi- 
nate, somewhat tartareous, continuous, smooth, waxy-brown, marked with mi- 
nute pale dots and swellings. Apothecia rather large, hemispherical, black, 
