RAVEN. 
169 
Castries, on the east coast of Tartary; likewise at Port des Fran- 
cois; 58° 37' north latitude, and 139° 50' west longitude; and at 
Monterey Bay, north California. ’* The English circumnaviga- 
tors met with them at Nootka Sound ;t and at the Sandwich 
Islands, two being seen in the village of Kakooa; also at Owhy- 
hee, and supposed to be adored there, as they were called 
Eatoos-l: Our intrepid American travellers, under the com- 
mand of Lewis and Clark, shortly after they embarked on the 
river Columbia, saw abundance of Ravens, which were attracted 
thither by the immense quantity of dead salmon which lined 
the shores. § They are found at all seasons at Hudson’s Bay;|| 
are frequent in Mexico ;1[ and it is more than probable that they 
inhabit the whole continent of America. 
The Raven measures, from the tip of the bill to the end of 
the tail, twenty-six inches, and is four feet in extent; the bill 
is large and strong, of a shining black, notched near the tip, and 
three inches long, the setaceous feathers which cover the nos- 
trils extend half its length; the eyes are black; the general colour 
is a deep glossy black, with steel-blue reflections; the lower 
parts are less glossy; the tail is rounded, and extends about two 
inches beyond the wings; the legs are two inches and a half in 
length, and, with the feet, are strong and black; the claws are 
long. 
This bird is said to attain to a great age; and its plumage to 
be subject to change, from the influence of years and of climate. 
It is found in Iceland and Greenland entirely white. 
The Raven was the constant attendant of Lewis and Clark’s 
party, in their long and toilsome journey. During the winter, 
at Fort Mandan, they were observed in immense numbers, 
notwithstanding the cold was so excessive, that, on the seven- 
teenth of December, 1804, the thermometer of Fahrenheit stood 
at 45° below 0. 
* Voy. par I. F. G. De laPwouse, ii, p. 129, 203, 443. 
t Cook’s last voy. ii, p. 236. Am. ed. J Idem, iii, p. 329. 
§ Gass’s Joiirnal, p. 153. H Chaidevoix. Kalm. Hearne’s Journey. 
II Fernandez. 
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