286 
MAMMALIA. 
and varied in shape. In them it ought to be taken into con- 
sideration as an indication of their fitness to procreate stock 
likely to be good milkers. 
In Calves this characteristic is but indifferently developed, 
both on account of its smallness and also the bushy hair which 
often hides the hind-quarters, nevertheless, with a little attention 
it maybe discovered. It is more clearly shown on the Cow- Calves 
than on the Bull-Calves, but it is only after the third or fourth 
year that it attains its precise size and shape. Cows do not give 
the same quantity of milk 1 at all periods of their life. They 
furnish the largest amount when they have suckled several 
Calves. 
There are both good and bad milkers in every race ; the pro- 
portion, however, of each presents a certain constant character, , 
by which some breeds may be recognised as possessing a decided 
milking superiority. Climate and nature of pasturage have also 
great influence on the lacteous qualities of different races. It may 
be stated, in a general way, that in France the best milking Cows 
are those which inhabit mild and damp districts, such as northern 
and western coasts. The most noted producers of this article of 
universal consumption are those of Holland, Flanders, Normandy, 
and Brittany, and some individuals belonging to these breeds will 
give as much as from five to six gallons of milk a day. 
Among foreign breeds may be mentioned those of the Channel 
Islands, known by the names of the Alderney and J ersey ; 
those of Ayrshire, in Scotland ; the Schwitz, or Swiss breed ; and 
the Jura breed, which belongs as much to France as Switzerland, 
comprehending as it does all the cattle distributed on both 
sides of the chain of mountains separating the countries. The | 
latter breed is that which supplies the cheese-making companies 
established in the departments of Doubs, J ura, and Ain. W e here 
represent two French breeds, the Norman and the Breton (Figs. 
109 and 110). 
We must now pass on to those breeds which are held in the 
highest reputation for their capacity for labour as well as pro- 
ducing beef ; and it is to be remarked that they are generally 
bred with both ends in view. 
In the possession of working Oxen, France has an unquestion- 
able superiority; to such extent, indeed, that the breeds belonging 
