1931 ] 
Ant Gynandromorphs 
81 
either in the egg- or during the larval stage. On the former 
supposition, the soldier like the male component would be 
blastogenic and the anomaly would be due to unusual 
nuclear (chromosomal) or other conditions in the unseg- 
mented or just segmented egg; according to the blastogenic 
hypothesis, the soldier component would be due either to 
special feeding of the undifferentiated female portion of a 
germinally determined gynandromorphous organism, or to 
some shock or other injury to certain tissue areas of the 
larval or prepupal soma, as in the butterfly gynandromorphs 
produced by van Someren. 
II. Anteroposterior Gynandromorphs 
Vandel, while discussing the various hypotheses that 
have been framed by Boveri, Morgan, Doncaster, myself 
and others to account for gynandromorphs, calls attention 
to certain ambiguous cases which may be interpreted either 
as functional ergatomorphic males or as anteroposterior 
gynandromorphs, that is, as pathological individuals having 
the anterior part of the body of the worker type and the 
gaster and genitalia male. The following are cases of 
this description: — 
(1) Santschi (1921) described three specimens of Cata- 
glyphis albicans Rogers, taken by Thery in a single locality 
in Morocco, as having the head and thorax of the worker 
type, but the gaster and well-developed genitalia male. The 
head, however, was small and furnished with male ocelli. 
Santschi was unable to decide whether these specimens were 
gynandromorphs or normal ergatomorphic males of their 
species. The fact that some species of Cataglyphis have 
no marriage flight and have males with rather short wings 
and that there were three of the peculiar specimens seemed 
to indicate that they were ergatomorphic males. The num- 
ber of individuals is not important in this .connection since 
in two other cases recorded in the sequel three undoubted 
gynandromorphs were taken from the same nest. 
(2) Mayr, in 1868, described a peculiar hermaphrodite 
(“Zwitter”) specimen of Iridomyrmex constrictus Mayr, 
