2 DR. FARADAY’S EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES IN ELECTRICITY. (SERIES XXII.) 
nomena. The first pointed axially ; the second, equatorially ; the third, equatorial 
in one position, and obliquely equatorial if turned round on its axis 50° or 60° ; the 
fourth, equatorially and axially under the same treatment ; and all of them, if 
suspended perpendicularly, pointed well, vibrating about a final fixed position which 
seemed to have no reference to the form of the cylinders. In all these cases the bis- 
muth was strongly diamagnetic (2295, &c.), being repelled by a single magnetic 
pole, or passing off on either side from the axial line between two poles. A similar 
piece of finely-grained or granular bismuth was, under the same circumstances and 
at the same time, affected in a perfectly regular manner, taking up the equatorial 
position (2253.), as a body simply diamagnetic ought to do. The cause of these 
variations was finally traced to the regularly crystalline condition of the metallic 
cylinders. 
^ i. CrystalUne polarity of bismuth. 
2457. Some bismuth was crystallized in the usual manner by melting it in a clean 
iron ladle, allowing it partly to congeal, and then pouring away the internal fluid 
portion. Pieces so obtained were then broken up by copper hammers and tools, and 
groups of the crystals separated, each group or piece consisting only of those crystals 
which were symmetrically arranged, and therefore likely to act in one direction. If 
any part of the fragments had been in contact with the iron ladle, it was cleared 
away by rubbing on sandstone and sand-paper. Pieces weighing from 18 grains to 
100 grains were thus easily obtained. 
2458. The electro-magnet employed in the first instance was that already described 
(2247-), having moveable terminations which supplied either conical, round, or flat- 
faced poles. That the suspension of the bismuth might be readily effected and un- 
objectionable as to magnetic influence, the following arrangement was generally 
adopted. A single fibre of cocoon silk, from 12 to 24 inches in length, was attached 
to a fit support above, and made fast below to the end of a piece of fine, straight, 
well-cleaned copper wire, about 2 inches in length ; the lower end of this wire was 
twisted up into a little head, and then furnished with a pellat of cement, made by 
melting together a portion of pure white wax, with about one-fourth its weight of 
Canada balsam. The cement was soft enough to adhere by pressure to any dry sub- 
stance, and sufficiently hard to sustain weights up to 300 grains, or even more. 
When prepared, the suspender was subjected by itself to the action of the magnet, to 
ascertain that it was free from any tendency to point, or be affected ; without which 
precaution no confidence could be reposed in the results of the experiments. 
2459. A piece of selected bismuth (2457.), weighing 25 grains, was hung up between 
the poles of the magnet, and moved with great freedom. The constituent cubes 
were associated in the usual manner, being attached to each other chiefly in the line 
joining two opposite solid angles ; and this line was in the greatest length of the 
piece. The instant that the magnetic force was on, the bismuth vibrated strongly 
