PROFESSOR TIEDEMANN ON THE BRAIN OF THE NEGRO. 
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longata, the cerebellum, corpora quadrigemina, the thalami optici, and corpora striata, 
smaller than in Man. 
4. The gyri and sulci of the brain are not so numerous as in Man. 
Any one may convince himself of the truth of these assertions by examining my 
plates of the brain of Apes. I give here exact plates of the surface and basis of the 
brain of the Asiatic Orang-Outang (Plate XXXV. figg. 1, 2.), and of the African 
Orang-Outang, or Chimpanzee (Plate XXXV. figg. 3, 4.). This last plate repre- 
sents the brains of those animals contained in the Hunterian Museum in London*. 
The hypophysis and the origin of several nerves are wanting. By comparing the 
Negro brain with those of the Orang-Outang, we shall find the same difference as 
between the brain of the European and the Orang-Outang, The only similarity be- 
tween the brain of the Negro and that of the Orang-Outang is, that the gyri and 
sulci on both hemispheres are more symmetrical than in the brain of the European. 
It remains, however, to be proved whether this symmetry is to be found in all Negro 
brains, which I very much doubt. The size and quantity of the brain of the Negro 
varies as much as the European from that of the Orang-Outang. I measured the 
capacity of the cavum cranii of a full-grown Asiatic Pongo, and found that it only 
held 1 1 oz. 7 dr. The brain of this Pongo was therefore much smaller than is usual, 
even in congenital idiotism. 
Conclusions drawn from these Anatomical Researches. 
I. The brain of a Negro is upon the whole quite as large as that of the European 
and other human races. The weight of the brain, its dimensions, and the capacity 
of the cavum cranii prove this fact. Many anatomists have also incorrectly asserted 
that Europeans have a larger brain than Negroes. 
II. The nerves of the Negro, relatively to the size of the brain, are not thicker than 
those of Europeans, as Soemmerring and his followers have said. 
III. The outward form of the spinal cord, the medulla oblongata, the cerebellum, 
and cerebrum of the Negro, show no important difference from that of the European. 
IV. Nor does the inward structure, the order of the cortical and medullary sub- 
stance, nor the inward organization of the interior of the Negro brain show any dif- 
ference from that of the European. 
V. The Negro brain does not resemble that of the Orang-Outang more than the 
European brain, except in the more symmetrical distribution of the gyri and sulci. 
It is not even certain if this is always the case. We cannot therefore coincide with 
the opinion of many naturalists, who say that the Negro has more resemblance to 
Apes than Europeans, in reference to the brain and nervous system. It is true that 
many ugly and degenerate Negro tribes on the coast show some similarity in their 
outward form and inward structure to the Ape ; for instance, in the greater size of the 
bones of the face, the projecting alveoli and teeth, the prominent cheek-bones, the 
* The drawings were taken from these specimens by permission of the Board of Curators. 
