n 
FLORA OF ADEN . 
( c ) Animals. 
Animals help in the distribution of species in consequence of attach- 
ment, carriage, or use as food. Distribution by animals often plays a 
striking part on account of the great distance to which the seeds may be 
carried. Various types of fruits facilitate this kind of distribution. 
(a) Fleshy fruits : They are scattered in consequence of being swal- 
lowed, especially by birds. The seeds retain their power of 
germination only in those cases in which they are protected 
by a stony or otherwise tough envelope which enables them 
to resist digestion. To this group belong the following 
Aden plants : The species of Capparis and Maerua , Lycium , 
Capsicum Cucurbitace e, Zizyphus lotus , Z. spina CJiristi } 
Grewia populifolia y Commiphora . 
(b) Spiny and hooked fruits. All agree in the possession of 
spines, hooks or barbs, which serve for attachment. These 
modifications vary a good deal as regards number, size, 
and position. 
We mention the following species as belonging to this class: 
And} op og on foveolatus, A. Iwaraneusa, Eragrostis ciliaris , 
C Moris villosa, Aristida Adscensionis, Aristida pumila y 
Pennisetum cenchroules , Vernonia atriplicifolia , Dicoma 
Sc/vimperi, ForslcoMea virulis , F. tenacissima. In the latter 
not only fruits but entire branches stick to any object that 
comes into contact with this plant. Besides Cometes abys - 
sinica, C. surratlensis, Sphoerocoma HooJceri, Taverniera glauca 
Kissenia spathulata , Crotalaria leptocarpa , C. lupimides. 
( c ) Viscid fruits which are more or less covered with a slickv 
substance: Species of Boerhaavia. 
t 
[d) Man. 
Distribution by man acts through great distances and over immense 
areas as well as near at hand. It may be intentional, as; is the case of 
cultivated plants, or unintentional as in many foreign weeds. A short 
glance at the following list of imports from different countries-is apt to 
give an idea of the infinite possibilities of fruits and seeds- being carried 
to Aden. If we think of the various kinds of conveyances by which 
the articles are brought to the coast and. to the centres of commerce,, .of 
the great variety of packing materials and of the customs of men and 
women employed in the transport, we shall not find it difficult to un- 
derstand the presence of a great number of species in the peninsula of 
