IV.— SYSTEMATIC PART. 
I. — SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS * 
First Class — Angiosperms , 
Flowers bisexual or unisexual, as a rule with a perianth, consisting of 
one or several whorls of leaves, free or connate (calyx and corolla). 
Ovules enclosed in an ovary, fertilized by the pollen-tube growing towards 
them through the stigma and style. Seeds enclosed in the fruit, embryo; 
straight or curved, with or without endosperm. 
First Sub-class— Dicotyledons. 
Embryo with two cotyledons which, when the seed germinates, are as 
a rule raised above ground. Foliage leaves mostly with reticulate vena- 
tion. Vascular bundles arranged in a circle in the stele ; increase in 
thickness usually by means of a cambium layer. 
I.- — POLYPETALiE. 
Flowers as a rule with calyx and corolla ; petals free. 
A. — Thai ami force. 
Calyx, corolla, and stamens usually free and arising directly from 
the thalamus, or from the outside of a hypogynous disk. 
I. Menispermacece. — Scandent. Leaves alternate, simple ; stipules 0. 
Flowers small, unisexual, trimerous. Stamens opposite to petals, 6. 
Carpels 3, free. Embryo curved. 
II. Crucifer a . — Leaves alternate, simple ; stipules 0. Flowers bisexual. 
Corolla tetramerous. Stamens tetradynamous. Fruit a siliqua. 
III. Capparidacece . — Leaves usually alternate ; stipules often present 
and spinescent. Flowers bisexual, often irregular. As a rule sepals 4, 
petals 4. Stamens generally numerous, sometimes 6, but never tetradyna- 
mous ; filaments filiform. Carpels connate into a 1-celled ovary with 2-4 
parietal placentas, often on an elongated gynophore. Embryo curved ; 
endosperm 0 or scanty. 
IV. Resedacece . — Leaves alternate ; stipules minute or 0. Flowers in 
spikes or racemes, bisexual or unisexual ; calyx 4-7-lobed. Stamens 
# The distinguishing characters of the orders are selected mostly with special reference to 
the plants described below. 
B 2 
