316 
645. Nashville Warbler (Including Calaveras Warbler), red-capped warbler, 
Vermivora ruficapilla. L, 4*77. A yellow and green Warbler with a greyish head and a 
more or less concealed chestnut crown-patch (Figure 
284). Sex, season, and age plumages varying only in 
intensity of yellow and the amount of chestnut in cap. 
In females, the cap may be entirely concealed by the 
grey edgings of the feathers and occasionally it may be 
altogether absent. 
Distinctions. The unmarked green above and 
yellow all below to tail, but brightest on throat and 
breast; and the grey or greyish head and cheeks are 
distinctive. This greyish head and hindneck may not 
be marked, but is always present as a slight differen- 
tiation from the green back. When present the chest- 
nut crown (not orange-rufous as in the Orange-crowned 
Warbler) is an unmistakable specific character. 
Field Marks. Bright yellow, unstreaked underparts 
and grey head and cheeks. 
Nesting. On the ground in partial clearings or tree-grown pastures, in nest of 
grasses and moss lined with finer grasses and fine rootlets. 
Figure 284 
Nashville Warbler (male); 
natural size. 
Distribution. North America. In Canada, practically across the Dominion, common 
in Manitoba and southern British Columbia, but rare in the intervening region. Has 
been taken as far north as Great Slave lake. 
SUBSPECIES. The eastern and western representatives of this species are subspe- 
cifically distinct. The eastern Nashville Warbler Vermivora ruficapUla ruficajpUla occurs 
west to Alberta. The Calaveras Warbler Vermivora ruficapUla gutturalis is the form 
occurring in southern British Columbia. It shows perceptibly brighter yellow below and 
on rump. 
This Warbler is most likely to be found in open shrubbery and small 
growth along streams. 
646. Orange-crowned Warbler (Including Lutescent Warbler). Vermivora celata. 
L, 5. (Plate LXVIII B). A dull yellowish, grey-green Warbler, mostly yellow below, 
with a concealed orange-rufous crown patch. Very little sexual difference. Immatures 
are without the crown-spot, and the brightness of the yellow below is reduced to almost 
the colour of the back. 
Distinctions. Similar to the Nashville but without the grey or greyish on the head. 
The crown-spot when present is still more concealed than that of the Nashville and often 
entirely hidden until the feathers are separated to show their coloured bases. The 
yellow throat is duller than in the Nashville. The juvenile is an almost evenly greyish- 
green bird with faint suggestions of ashy and rather similar to the immature Tennessee 
but without the faint, light eyebrow-line; it is more evenly coloured, and without any 
suggestion of white below (compare with Figures 284, 285). 
Field Marks. Like a very dull-coloured Nashville Warbler or a juvenile Tennessee 
without the faint eyebrow-line. 
Nesting. On or near the ground in nest of leaves and fine grasses. 
Distribution. North America. In Canada, rare east of the Great Lakes, but common 
throughout the west as far north as the limit of trees, 
SUBSPECIES. Two subspecies in Canada are recognized by the Check-list. 
The Eastern Orange-crowned Vermivora celata celata extends west to the east slope of the 
mountains. In British Columbia occurs the Lutescent Warbler Vermivora celata lutescens, 
a bird that shows considerably more yellow, especially the juvenile. A third form, Ver- 
mivora celata orestera, rather intermediate between these two, has been postulated for the 
mountain interior and has received some recognition. 
647. Tennessee Warbler. Vermivora peregrina. L, 5. Back of male green, under- 
parts nearly pure white. Head and hindneck ash-grey, suffusing on cheeks. White 
eyebrow-line and suggestion of dark line through eye (Figure 285). Females and juveniles 
have the grey head and hindneck replaced by the green of the back which suffuses more 
