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667. Black- throated Green Warbler. Dendroica virens. L, 5*10. Plate LXXI B. 
A green-backed, golden-faced Warbler, white below, with full black throat and breast. 
Females have the black throat broken and juveniles may lack it entirely. 
Distinctions. Adults with golden face and black front are unmistakable. Juveniles, 
without the black throat are distinguished by their whiteness below and almost solid 
golden face. 
Field Marks. Adults, black throat and breast contrasting with yellow face. Juveniles, 
green back, yellow cheeks, and white below. 
Nesting. In coniferous trees in nest of small twigs and moss lined with rootlets, fine 
grasses, and tendrils. 
Distribution. North America. In Canada, west to the east slope of the mountains 
and north to lake Athabaska. 
668. Townsend's Warbler. Dendroica townsendi. L, 5. Plate LXXII A. Male: 
a contrastive yellow and black Warbler. Breast and face marks bright yellow. Crown, 
cheeks, throat, breast, and flanks, black. Females, or juveniles similar but duller and the 
black of throat veiled or absent. 
Distinctions. Not likely to be confused with any other species except when it straggles 
east of the mountains. It may have a general resemblance to the Magnolia, Blackburnian, 
or Black-throated Green Warblers. The black throat, when present, separates it from 
the first two; the yellow eyebrow- line and black crown, further differentiate it from the 
Magnolia; the conspicuous bright, instead of subdued, yellow face marks, and breast, 
from the Blackburnian; and the dark cheeks and crown, from the Black-throated Green. 
Field Marks. A dark Warbler with bright yellow breast and face marks; black 
crown, cheeks, and flank stripes, and, in adult male, black throat. 
Nesting. In willows, nest of rotten plant fibres and roots, lined with rootlets, hair, and 
plant down. 
Distribution. Western North America. In Canada, British Columbia north to the 
Yukon, east to the Alberta foothills, and casually beyond. 
671. Pine Warbler. Dendroica vigorsi. L, 5*52. A dull green Warbler, the green 
changing to dull yellow on throat and breast (Figure 294), with greyish or brownish wings 
and tail, and faintly white wing-bars; in hign 
plumage rarely becoming fairly bright yellow on 
throat and breast. There is little sexual or 
seasonal change. 
Distinctions. Very similar to the Yellow- 
throated Vireo, but greener in colour and with 
the yellow below stronger and more extensive. 
The white abdomen is inconspicuous. The bill is 
lighter and warbler-like, instead of being stout, 
hooked, and of Vireo type (compare with Figure 
277). From the Yellow Warbler it may be 
separated by its duller colour and the contrast 
between its wings and tail, and body. Its prefer- 
ence for pine trees is at least suggestive of its 
identity. 
Field Marks. A dull green Warbler, yellow on breast with greyish brown wings, white 
wing-bars. Canadian specimens are usually somewhat soiled ana bedraggled in appear- 
ance. Almost invariably found in pine trees. 
Nesting. In pine trees, 10 to 80 feet above the ground, in nest of strips of bark, leaves, 
plant fibres, etc. 
Distribution. Eastern North America. In western Canada, rare or casual west 
to Alberta. 
Figure 294 
Pine Warbler (male); natural size. 
672. Palm Warbler, yellow red-polled warbler. Dendroica palmarum. 
L, 5*25. A dull yellowish Warbler. Male: all underparts suffused yellow; cap reddish 
chestnut (Figure 295). The breast and flanks are streaked more or less with rufous, and a 
yellow eyebrow-line contrasts with dark cheeks and red cap. Females similar but colour 
subdued. Juveniles and autumn birds are greyish brown above; buff below with faint 
streaks, almost white on throat, and suffused with distinct yellow increasing to pure yellow 
on undertail-coverts. There is a blended yellowish rump- patch in all plumages. 
91054-214 
