327 
spots producing a fancied resemblance to crape as in the Mourning Warbler. The female 
is similar but duller and without the crape markings on breast or the black in front of eye. 
Juveniles have the grey of the crown, etc., replaced by the green of the body; j and the 
yellow of the underparts extended up the 
neck to throat, slightly modified by lighter 
and greyish tinges. 
Distinctions. Because of geographical 
range likelyto be confused only with the 
Mourning Warbler. Adult male separated 
from it by black face and white eyelid 
markings (Figure 299, compare with 
298). Females and juveniles may be in- 
distinguishable from that species except in 
northern Alberta. Not likely to occur 
where the Connecticut Warbler does, but 
for distinctions see that species. 
Field Marks. A green ground Warb- 
ler, bright yellow all below; grey head, 
black face, white spots on eyelid, and black 
crape markings on breast. For juveniles, Macgillivray’s Warbler (male); natural size, 
the large amount of bright yellow all 
below and greyish head. This species, like the Mourning Warbler, walks instead of hops. 
Some females and juveniles cannot be reliably separated from that species in life. 
Nesting. Near the ground in nest of dried grasses lined with finer grasses and some- 
times horsehair. 
Distribution. Western North America. In Canada, British Columbia east sometimes 
to Saskatchewan. Rather supplementary in range to the Mourning Warbler. 
681. Maryland Yellow-throat (Including Western and Pacific Yellow- throats). 
Geothlypis trichas. L, 5-33. Plate LXXIII B. Male: a green-backed ground Warbler 
with bright lemon-yellow throat and a black mask over eyes and cheeks. Female: simi- 
lar but duller and without black mask. Juvenile: still duller, the yellow on breast 
hardly apparent, ochre instead of lemon-yellow and all more or less overwashed with rusty. 
Distinctions. The adult male with its black mask is easily recognized and needs no 
special characterization. Juvenile males have sufficient indications of the mask to be 
easily recognizable. Adult and juvenile females are very much alike. They may be 
recognized by their even coloration above, warm yellow throat, buffy white underparts 
washed with darker on flanks, and undertail-coverts yellowish. They are most likely to 
be mistaken for the Mourning, Macgillivray’s, or Connecticut juveniles, but the sharp 
division between throat and cneek colours, the brightness of the throat, and the general 
warmer yellow tint will separate them. They have been confused with the Nashville and 
the Tennessee, but the grey rather than buffy or ruddy olive head and crown of the former 
and the nearly white breast instead of distinct yellow of the latter should make separation 
easy. 
Field Marks. In addition to coloration, the marshy habitat, hiding habits, and 
characteristic actions of the Maryland Yellow-throat soon become familiar to the observer. 
Its scolding wren-like note is easily recognized. 
Nesting. On or near the ground in bulky nest of strips of bark, coarse grasses, and 
dead leaves, lined with fine grasses, tendrils, and rootlets. 
Distribution. North America. In Canada, across the Dominion, north to the edge 
of the northern spruce forest. In southern British Columbia. 
SUBSPECIES. Three subspecies are recognized in Canada. The Northern Yellow- 
throat Geothlypis trichas trichas extends west to, and perhaps across, the Manitoba line. 
The Western Yellow-throat Geothlypis trichas ocddentalis occupies the prairies, whereas 
the bird of British Columbia is supposed to be the Pacific Yellow-throat Geothlypis trichas 
arizela. The Western Yellow-throat is characterized mainly by having a broader white 
forehead line above the black mask. The Pacific Yellow-throat, should be rather smaller 
and duller, but the distinctions are so fine that some doubt may be expressed as to their 
validity. 
The particular haunts of the Maryland Yellow-throat are damp 
marshes where the wire-grass grows long and clumpy. It regards its 
immediate neighbourhood as its own particular property and vigorously 
