20 
ISLAND LIFE. 
[part I. 
Tarns lugubris, allied to the marsh tit, is confined to South-east 
Europe and Asia Minor, from Hungary and South Russia to 
Palestine; and Pams cinctus , another allied form, is confined 
to the extreme north in Lapland, Finland, ahd perhaps Northern 
Russia and Siberia. Another beautiful little bird, the crested tit- 
mouse {Pams eristatus) is sometimes placed in a separate genus. 
It inhabits nearly all Central and South Europe, wherever there 
are pine forests, from 64° N. latitude to Austria and North Italy, 
and in the west to Spain and Gibraltar, while in the east it does 
not pass the Urals and the Caucasus range. Its nearest allies 
are in the high Himalayas. 
These are all the European tits, but there are many others 
inhabiting Asia, Africa, and North America; so that the genus 
Parus has a very wide range, in Asia to Ceylon and the Malay 
Islands, in Africa to the Cape, and in North America to the 
highlands of Mexico. 
The distribution of the Species of Jays. — Owing to the very 
wide range of several of the tits, the uncertainty of the specific 
distinction of others, and the difficulty in many cases of ascer- 
taining their actual distribution, it has not been found prac- 
ticable to illustrate this genus by means of a map. For this 
purpose we have chosen the genus Garrulus or the jays, in which 
the species are less numerous, the specific areas less extensive, 
and the species generally better defined ; while being large and 
handsome birds they are sure to have been collected, or at least 
noticed, wherever they occur. There are, so far as yet known, 
twelve species of true jays, occupying an area extending from 
Western Europe to Eastern Asia and Japan, and nowhere pass- 
ing the Arctic circle to the north, or the tropic of Cancer to the 
south, so that they constitute one of the most typical of the 
Palaearctic 1 genera. The following are the species, beginning 
with the most westerly and proceeding towards the east. The 
numbers prefixed to each species correspond to those on the 
coloured map which forms the frontispiece to this volume. 
1. Garrulus glandarius. — The common jay, inhabits the 
1 The Palasarctic region includes temperate Asia and Europe, as will be 
explained in the next chapter. 
