chap, ii.] THE ELEMENTARY FACTS OF DISTRIBUTION. 
21 
British Isles and all Europe except the extreme north, extend- 
ing also into North Africa, where it has been observed in many 
parts of Algeria, It occurs near Constantinople, but apparently 
not in Asia Minor, and in Russia, up to, but not beyond, the Urals. 
The jays being woodland birds are not found in open plains or 
barren uplands, and their distribution is hence by no means 
uniform within the area they actually occupy. 
2. Garrulus cervicalis . — The Algerian jay, is a very distinct 
species inhabiting a limited area in North Africa, and found in 
some places along with the common species. 
3. Garrulus krynicki . — The black-headed jay, is closely 
allied to the common species, but quite distinct, inhabiting 
a comparatively small area in South-eastern Europe, and 
Western Asia. 
4. Garrulus atricapillus . — The Syrian jay, is very closely allied 
to the last, and inhabits an adjoining area in Syria, Palestine, 
and Southern Persia. 
5. Garrulus hyrcanus . — The Persian jay, is a small species 
allied to our jay and only known from the Elburz Mountains in 
the north of Persia. 
6. Garrulus brandti. — Brandt’s jay, is a very distinct 
species, having an extensive range across Asia from the Ural 
Mountains to North China, Mandchuria, and the northern island 
of Japan, and also crossing the Urals into Russia where it has 
been found as far west as Kazan in districts where the common 
jay also occurs. 
7. Garrulus lanceolatus . — The black-throated jay, is a very 
distinct form known only from the North-western Himalayas 
and Nepal, common about Simla, and extending into Cashmere 
beyond the range of the next species. 
8. Garrulus bispecularis . — The Himalayan jay is also very 
distinct, having the head coloured like the back, and not 
striped as in all the western species. It inhabits the Himalayas 
east of Cashmere, but is more abundant in the western than 
the eastern division, though according to the Abb4 David it 
reaches Moupin in East Thibet. 
9. Garrulus sinensis . — The Chinese jay, is very closely allied 
to the Himalayan, of which it is sometimes classed as a 
