22 
ISLAND LIFE. 
[PAllT I. 
sub-species. It seems to be found in all the southern mountains 
of China, from Foochow on the east to Sze-chuen and East Thibet 
on the west, as it is recorded from Moupin by the Abbe David 
as well as the Himalayan bird — a tolerable proof that it is a 
distinct form. 
10. Garrulus taivanus. — The Formosan jay is a very close ally 
of the preceding, confined to the island of Formosa. 
11. Garrulus japonicus. — The Japanese jay is very closely 
allied to our common British species, being somewhat smaller 
and less brightly coloured, and with black orbits ; yet these are 
the most wddely separated species of the genus. 
12. Garrulus lidthi. — This is the handsomest of all the 
jays, the head, neck, and wings being azure blue. Its locality 
was long doubtful, but it has now been ascertained to inhabit 
Japan, where it is evidently very rare, its exact habitat being 
still unknown. 
In the accompanying map (see frontispiece) we have laid down . 
the distribution of each species so far as it can be ascertained 
from the works of Sharpe and Dresser for Europe, Jerdon for 
India, Swinhoe for China, and Messrs. Blakiston and Pryer for 
Japan. There is, however, much uncertainty in many places, 
and gaps have to be filled up conjecturally, while such a large 
part of Asia is still very imperfectly explored, that considerable 
modifications may have to be made when the country becomes 
more accurately known. But though details may be modified 
we can hardly suppose that the great features of the several 
specific areas, or their relations to each other, will be much 
affected; and these are what we have chiefly to consider as 
bearing on the questions here discussed. 
The first thing that strikes us on looking at the map, is, the 
small amount of overlapping of the several areas, and the iso- 
lation of many of the species; while the next most striking 
feature is the manner in which the Asiatic species almost sur- 
round a vast area in which no jays are found. The only species 
with large areas, are the European G. glandarius and the Asiatic 
G. Brandti. The former has three species overlapping it — in 
Algeria, in South-eastern and in North-eastern Europe respect- 
ively. The Syrian jay (No. 4), is not known to occur anywhere 
