XIV 
CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER XIX. 
ANCIENT CONTINENTAL ISLANDS : THE MADAGASCAR GROUP. 
Remarks on Ancient Continental Islands— Physical features of Madagascar— Biolo- 
gical features of Madagascar — Mammalia — Reptiles — Relation of Madagascar to 
Africa— Early history of Africa and Madagascar— Anomalies of distribution and 
how to explain them— The birds of Madagascar as indicating a supposed Lemu- 
rian Continent- Submerged Islands between Madagascar and India— Concluding 
remarks on “ Lemuria The Mascarene Islands— The Comoro Islands— The Sey- 
chelles Archipelago — Birds of the Seychelles — Reptiles and Amphibia Fresh- water 
Fishes— Land Shells— Mauritius, Bourbon, and Rodriguez- Birds— Extinct Birds 
and their probable origin— Reptiles— Flora of Madagascar and the Mascarene 
Islands— Curious relations of Mascarene plants— Endemic genera of Mauritius and 
Seychelles— Fragmentary character of the Mascarene Flora— Flora of Madagascar 
allied to that of South Africa— Preponderance of Ferns in the Mascarene Flora 
— Concluding Remarks on the Madagascar Group . . . Pages 383 — 420 
CHAPTER XX. 
ANOMALOUS ISLANDS : CELEBES. 
Anomalous relations of Celebes — Physical features of the Island— Zoological cha- 
racter of the Islands around Celebes — The Malayan and Australian Banks — Zoo- 
logy of Celebes : Mammalia — Probable derivation of the Mammals of Celebes — 
Birds of Celebes — Bird-types peculiar to Celebes — Celebes not strictly a Conti- 
nental Island — Peculiarities of the Insects of Celebes — Himalayan types of Birds 
and Butterflies in Celebes — Peculiarities of shape and colour of Celebesian Butter- 
flies — Concluding Remarks— Appendix on the Birds of Celebes . Pages 421 — 441 
CHAPTER XXI. 
ANOMALOUS ISLANDS : NEW ZEALAND. 
Position and Physical features of New Zealand — Zoological character of New Zea- 
land — Mammalia — Wingless birds living and extinct — Recent existence of the 
Moa — Past changes of New Zealand deduced from its wingless Birds — Birds and 
Reptiles of New Zealand — Conclusions from the peculiarities of the New Zealand 
Fauna Pages 442 — 456 
CHAPTER XXII. 
THE FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND : ITS AFFINITIES AND PROBABLE ORIGIN. 
Relations of the New Zealand Flora to that of Australia — General features of the 
Australian Flora — The Floras of South-eastern and South-western Australia — 
Geological explanation of the differences of these two floras — The origin of the 
Australian element in the New Zealand Flora — Tropical character of the New 
Zealand Flora explained — Species common to New Zealand and Australia mostly 
temperate forms — Why easily dispersed plants have often restricted ranges — 
Summary and Conclusion on the New Zealand Flora . . . Pages 457—476 
