CHAP. XVII.] 
BORNEO AND JAVA. 
£57 
as those of Borneo, but are apparently less peculiar, none of 
the genera and only five or six of the species being confined to 
the island. In land-birds it is decidedly less rich, having 
only 270 species, of which forty are peculiar, and only one or two 
belong to peculiar genera; so that here again the amount of 
speciality is less than in Borneo. It is only when we proceed to 
analyse the species of the Javan fauna, and trace their distri- 
bution and affinities, that we discover its interesting nature. 
Difference between the Fauna of Java and that of the other 
great Malay Islands. — Comparing the fauna of Java with that 
which may be called the typical Malayan fauna as exhibited in 
Borneo, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula, we find the follow- 
ing differences. No less than thirteen genera of mammalia, 
each of which is known to inhabit at least tw T o, and generally all 
three, of the above-named Malayan countries, are yet totally 
absent from Java ; and they include such important forms as the 
elephant, the tapir, and the Malay bear. It cannot be s^id that 
this difference depends on imperfect knowledge, for Java is one 
of the oldest European settlements in the East, and has been 
explored by a long succession of Dutch and English naturalists. 
Every part of it is thoroughly well known, and it would be 
almost as difficult to find a new mammal of any size in Europe 
as in Java. Of birds there are twenty-five genera, all typically 
Malayan and occurring at least in two, and for the most part 
in all three of the Malay countries, which are yet absent from 
Java. Most of these are large and conspicuous forms, such 
as jays, gapers, bee-eaters, woodpeckers, hornbills, cuckoos, 
parrots, pheasants, and partridges, as impossible to have remained 
undiscovered in Java as the large mammalia above referred to. 
Besides these absent genera there are some curious illus- 
trations of Javan isolation in the species ; there being several 
cases in which the same species occurs in all three of the typical 
Malay countries, while in Java it is represented by an allied 
species. Such appear to be the Malayan monkey, Semno- 
pithecus cristatus , replaced in Java by S. maurus ; and the 
large Malay deer, Rusa equinus , represented in Java by R, 
hippelaphus. Among birds there are more numerous examples, 
no less than seven species which are common to the three great 
