CHAP. XVIII.] 
JAPAN AND FOEMOSA. 
369 
20. Grey wagtail, sub-sp. (Motacilla 30. Golden eagle (Aquilachrysaetos). 
melanope). 31. White-tailed eagle ( Haliaetus 
21. Great spotted woodpecker (Picus albicilla). 
major). 32. Kestrel ( Falco tinnunculus) . 
22. Great black woodpecker (Dry- 33. Hobby (F. subbuteo). 
ocopus martins). 34. Merlin (F. cesalon). 
23. Cuckoo (Guculus canorus). 35. Peregrine falcon (F.peregrinus). 
24. Hoopoe ( Upupa epops) . 36. Greenland falcon (F. candicans). 
25. Rock-dove (Columba livia). 37. Osprey (Pandion haliaetus). 
26. Hen harrier (Circus cyaneus). 38. Eagle owl (Bubo maximus). 
27. Gos-hawk (Astur palumbarius). 39. Short-eared owl (Asio accipitri- 
28. Sparrow-hawk (Accipiter nisus). nus), 
29. Rough-legged buzzard (Buteo 40. Long-eared owl (A. otus). 
lagopus). 
But these forty species by no means fairly represent the 
amount of resemblance between Britain and Japan as regards 
birds ; for there are also wrens, hedge-sparrows, gold-crests, sedge- 
warblers, pipits, larks, rock-thrushes, jays, and many others, 
which, though distinct species from our own, have the same 
general appearance, and give a familiar aspect to the ornithology. 
There remains, however, a considerable body of Chinese and 
Siberian species, which link the islands to the neighbouring 
parts of the continent ; and there are also a few which are 
Malayan or Himalayan rather than Chinese, and thus afford us 
an interesting problem in distribution. 
The sixteen species and sub-species which are altogether 
peculiar to Japan are for the most part allied to birds of North 
China and Siberia, but three are decidedly tropical, and one of 
them — a fruit pigeon (Treron sieboldi ) — has no close ally nearer 
than Java and the Himalayas. In the following list the affini- 
ties of the species are indicated wherever they have been 
ascertained : — 
List of the Species of Land Birds peculiar to Japan. 
1. Parus japonicus. A sub-species of P. palustris, very like Siberian 
varieties. 
2. Parus varius. Very distinct. It nearest ally is in Formosa. 
3. Hypsipetes amaurosis. A tropical genus. Allied to species of S. China 
and India. 
4. Garrulus japonicus. Allied to our European jay. In Niphon only. 
5. Garrulus lidthi. A very distinct and handsome species. (See Ibis 
1873/ p.478.) 
B B 
