870 
ISLAND LIFE. 
[rART II, 
6. Zosterops japonica. Allied to a migratory Chinese species. 
7. Chelidon blakistoni. Allied to C. whiteleyi of N. China. 
8. Chlorospiza kawarahiba. Allied to C. sinica of China and Japan. 
9. Emberiza ciopsis. A sub-species of the E. cioides of N. China. 
10. Emberiza yessoensis. Allied to the Siberian E. passerina. 
1 1 . Euspiza variabilis. A very distinct species. 
12. Picus kisuki. Allied to P. pygmceus of Central Asia. 
18. Gccinus awokera. Allied to G. cams (N. China), and G. viridis, Europe. 
14. Mulleripicus richardsi. Allied to M. crawfurdi of Pegu. In Tzus 
Sima Island ( P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 386). 
15. Treron sieboldi. Allied to T. sphenura (Himalayas), and T. korthalsi, 
Java. 
16. Accipiter gularis. A sub-species of the Malayan A. virgatus (also in 
Formosa). 
17. Buteo hemilasius. A distinct species. 
18. Syrnium ntfescens. A sub-species of S. uralense of E. Europe and 
Siberia. 
Japan birds recurring in distant areas. — The most interesting 
feature in the ornithology of Japan is, undoubtedly, the pre- 
sence of several species which indicate an alliance with such 
remote districts as the Himalayas, the Malay Islands, and 
Europe. Among the peculiar species, the most remarkable of 
this class are, — the fruit-pigeon of the genus Treron, entirely un- 
known in China, but reappearing in Formosa and Japan; the 
Hypsipetes, whose nearest ally is in South China at a distance 
of nearly 500 miles ; and the jay (Garmlus japonicus ), whose 
close ally (G. glandarius ) inhabits Europe only, at a distance of 
3,700 miles. But even more extraordinary are the following 
non-peculiar species : — Spizaetus orientalis , a crested eagle, in- 
habiting the Himalayas, Formosa, and Japan, but unknown in 
China ; Ceryle guttata , a spotted kingfisher, entirely confined to 
the Himalayas and Japan; and Halcyon coromanda, a brilliant 
red kingfisher inhabiting Northern India, the Malay Islands to 
Celebes, Formosa, and Japan. We have here an excellent illus- 
tration of the favourable conditions which islands afford both 
for species which elsewhere live further south (. Halcyon coro- 
manda), and for the preservation in isolated colonies of species 
which are verging towards extinction ; for such we must consider 
the above-named eagle and kingfisher, both confined to a very 
limited area on the continent, but surviving in remote islands. 
