CHAP. XVIII.] 
JAPAN AND FORMOSA. 
375 
33. Pteromys pectoralis. White-breasted Flying Squirrel. From South 
Formosa. 
34. Lepus sinensis. Chinese Hare. Inhabits South China. 
35. Manis dalmanni. Scaly Ant-eater. China and the Himalayas. 
The most interesting and suggestive feature connected with 
these Formosan mammals is the identity or affinity of several of 
them, with Indian or Malayan rather than with Chinese species. 
We have the rock-monkey of Formosa allied to the rhesus 
monkeys of India and Burma, not to those of South China and 
Hainan. The tree civet (Helictis subaurantiaca), and the small 
flying squirrel ( Sciuropterus kaleensis), are both allied to Hima- 
layan species. Swinhoe’s deer and goat-antelope are nearest to 
Malayan species, as are the red and white-breasted flying squir- 
rels ; while the fruit-bat, the wild pig, and the spotted deer are 
all allied to peculiar Japanese species. The clouded tiger is a 
Malay species unknown in China, while the Asiatic wild cat is 
a native of the Himalayas and Malacca. It is clear, therefore, 
that before Formosa was separated from the main land the above 
named animals or their ancestral types must have ranged over 
the intervening country as far as the Himalayas on the west, 
Japan on the north,- and Borneo or the Philippines on the south ; 
and that after that event occurred, the conditions were so mate- 
rially changed as to lead to the extinction of these species 
in what are now the coast provinces of China, while they or 
their modified descendants continued to exist in the dense forests 
of the Himalayas and the Malay islands, and in such detached 
islands as Formosa and Japan. We will now see what additional 
light is thrown upon this subject by an examination of the 
birds. 
List of the Land Birds peculiar to Formosa. 
Turdid.® (Thrushes). 
1. Turdus albiceps. Allied to Chinese species. 
Sylvidi.® (Warblers). 
2. Cisticola volitans. Allied to C. schcenicola of India and China. 
3. Herbivox cantans. Sub-species of H. cantillaus of N. China and 
Japan. 
4. Notodela montium. Allied to N. Imeura of the Himalayas ; no ally in 
China. 
