396 
ISLAND LIFE. 
[part II. 
probably inhabited Europe, which at that epoch enjoyed a sub- 
tropical climate ; and this is rendered almost certain by the 
discovery in the Miocene of France of fossil remains of trogons 
and jungle-fowl. If, then, these Indian birds date back to the 
very period during which alone Lemuria could have existed, 
that continent was quite unnecessary for their introduction into 
Madagascar, as they could have followed the same track as the 
mammalia of Miocene Europe and Asia ; while if, as I maintain, 
they are of more recent date, then Lemuria had ceased to 
exist, and could not have been the means of their introduction. 
MAP OF THE INDIAN OCEAN. 
Showing the position of banks less than 1.000 fathoms deep between Africa and the Indian 
Peninsula. 
Submerged Islands between Madagascar and India . — Looking at 
the accompanying map of the Indian Ocean, we see that between 
Madagascar and India there are now extensive shoals and coral- 
reefs, such as are always held to indicate subsidence ; and we 
may therefore fairly postulate the former existence here of 
several large islands, some of them not much inferior to Mada- 
gascar itself. These reefs are all separated from each other by 
