CHAP. XX.] 
CELEBES. 
429 
known to inhabit the island of Celebes itself. Considerably 
more than half of these (ninety-four species) are peculiar to it ; 
twenty-nine are found also in Borneo and the other Malay 
Islands, to which they specially belong; while sixteen are common 
to the Moluccas or other islands of the Australian region ; the 
remainder being species of wide range and not characteristic 
of either division of the Archipelago. We have here a large pre- 
ponderance of western over eastern species of birds inhabiting 
Celebes, though not to quite so great an extent as in the mam- 
malia ; and the inference to be drawn from this fact is, simply, 
that more birds have migrated from Borneo than from the 
Moluccas — which is exactly what we might expect both from 
the greater extent of the coast of Borneo opposite that of 
Celebes, and also from the much greater richness in species of 
the Bornean than the Moluccan bird-fauna. 
It is, however, to the relations of the peculiar species of 
Celebesian birds that we must turn, in order to ascertain the 
origin of the fauna in past times; and we must look to the 
source of the generic types which they represent to give us this 
information. The ninety-four peculiar species above noted 
belong to about sixty-six genera, of which about twenty-three 
are common to the whole Archipelago, and have therefore little 
significance. Of the remainder, twelve are altogether peculiar 
to Celebes; twenty-one are Malayan, but not Moluccan or 
Australian ; while ten are Moluccan or Australian, but not 
Malayan. This proportion does not differ much from that 
afforded by the non-peculiar species ; and it teaches us that, for 
a considerable period, Celebes has been receiving immigrants 
from all sides, many of which have had time to become modified 
into distinct representative species. These evidently belong to 
the period during which Borneo on the one side, and the Moluc- 
cas on the other, have occupied very much the same relative 
position as now. There remains the twelve peculiar Celebesian 
genera, to which we must look for some further clue as to the 
origin of the older portion of the fauna; and as these are 
especially interesting we must examine them somewhat closely. 
Bird-types peculiar to Celebes . — First we have Artamides, one 
of the Campephaginse or caterpillar-shrikes — a not very well- 
