(/Hap. xx. ] CELEBES. 433 
on the globe. Having already given a full account of some 
of these peculiarities in a paper read before the Linnean 
Society — republished in my Contributions to the Theory of 
Natural Selection , — while others have been discussed in my 
Geographical Distribution of Animals (Vol. I. p. 434) — I will 
only here briefly refer to them in order to see whether they 
accord with, or receive any explanation from, the somewhat 
novel view of the past history of the island here advanced. 
The general distribution of the two best known groups of 
insects — the butterflies and the beetles— agrees very closely 
with that of the birds and mammalia, inasmuch as Celebes 
forms the eastern limit of a number of Asiatic and Malayan 
genera, and at the same time the western limit of several 
Moluccan and Australian genera, the former perhaps pre- 
ponderating as in the higher animals. 
Himalayan Types of Birds and Butterflies in Celebes . — A 
curious fact of distribution exhibited both among butterflies 
and birds, is the occurrence in Celebes of species and genera 
unknown to the adjacent islands, but only found again when 
w r e reach the Himalayan mountains or the Indian Peninsula. 
Among birds we have a small yellow flycatcher ( Myialestes 
helianthea), a flower-pecker ( Pachyglossa aureolimbata), a finch 
( Munia brunneiceps ), and a roller ( Coracias temminckii), all 
closely allied to Indian (not Malayan) species, — all the genera, 
except Munia, being, in fact, unknown in any Malay island. 
Exactly parallel cases are two butterflies of the genera Dichor- 
rhagia and Euripus, which have very close allies in the Hima- 
layas, but nothing like them in any intervening country. These 
facts call to mind the similar case of Formosa, where some of 
its birds and mammals occurred again, under identical or closely 
allied forms, in the Himalayas; and in both instances they can 
only be explained by going back to a period when the distribu- 
tion of these forms was very different from what it is now. 
Peculiarities of Shape and Colour in Celebesian Butterflies . — 
Even more remarkable are the peculiarities of shape and colour 
in a number of Celebesian butterflies of different genera. These 
are found to vary all in the same manner, indicating some 
general cause of variation able to act upon totally distinct 
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