CHAP. XXII.] 
THE FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. 
471 
10. Logania (3 sp.). Small seeds. Alpine plants. 
11. Hedycarya (1 sp.). 
12. Chiloglottis (1 sp.). Minute seeds. In Auckland Islands ; alpine in 
Australia. 
13. Prasophyllum (1 sp.). Minute seeds. Identical with Australian 
species. 
14. Ortlioceras (1 sp.) Minute seeds. Close to an Australian species. 
15. Alepyrum (1 sp.). Alpine, moss-like. An Antarctic type. 
16. Dichelachne (3 sp.). Identical with Australian species. An awned 
grass. 
We thus see that there are special features in most of these 
plants that would facilitate transmission across the sea between 
temperate Australia and New Zealand, or to both from some 
Antarctic island ; and the fact that in several of them the species 
are absolutely identical shows that such transmission has 
occurred in geologically recent times. 
Species common to New Zealand, and Australia mostly Tern - 
perate forms. — Let us now take the species which are com- 
mon to New Zealand and Australia, but found nowhere else, 
and which must therefore have passed from one country to 
the other at a more recent period than the mass of genera with 
which we have hitherto been dealing. These are ninety-six in 
number, and they present a striking contrast to the similarly 
lestricted genera in being wholly temperate in character, the 
entire list presenting only a single species which is confined to 
sub-tropical East Australia — a grass ( Apera arundinacea) only 
found in a few localities on the New Zealand coast. 
Now it is clear that the larger portion, if not the whole, of 
these plants must have reached New Zealand from Australia 
(or in a few cases Australia from New Zealand), by transmission 
across the sea, because we know there has been no land con- 
nection during the Tertiary period, as proved by the absence of 
all the Australian mammalia, and almost all the most character- 
istic Australian birds, insects, and plants. The form of the sea- 
bed shows that the distance could not have been less than 600 
miles, even during the greatest extension of Southern New 
Zealand and Tasmania ; and we have no reason to suppose it to 
have been less, because in other cases an equally abundant flora 
of identical species has reached islands at a still greater distance 
