CHAr. XXIII.] ARCTIC PLANTS IN NEW ZEALAND. 
491 
munity between the European and Antarctic plants found in 
all south temperate lands. Kerguelen’s Land and The Crozets 
are within about the same distance from the Antarctic con- 
tinent as New Zealand and Tasmania, and we need not there- 
fore be surprised at finding in each of these islands some 
Fuegian species which have not reached the others. Of course 
there will remain difficulties of detail, as there always must 
when we know so imperfectly the past changes of the earth’s 
surface and the history of the particular plants concerned. Sir 
Joseph Hooker notes, for example, the curious fact that several 
Compositee common to three such remote localities as the 
Auckland Islands, Fuegia, and Kerguelen’s Land, have no 
pappus or seed-down, while such as have pappus are in no 
case common even to two of these islands. Without knowing 
the exact history and distribution of the genera to which these 
plants belong it would be useless to offer any conjecture, except 
that they are ancient forms which may have survived great 
geographical changes, or may have some peculiar and exceptional 
means of dispersion. 
Proofs of Migration by vjay of the Himalayas and Southern 
Asia . — But although we may thus explain the presence of a 
considerable portion of the European element in the floras of 
New Zealand and Australia, w T e cannot account for the whole of 
it by this means, because Australia itself contains a host of 
European and Asiatic genera of which we find no trace in 
New Zealand or South America, or any other Antarctic land. 
We find, in fact, in Australia twm distinct sets of European 
plants. First w 7 e have a number of species identical with those 
of Northern Europe or Asia (of the most characteristic of 
which — thirty-eight in number — Sir Joseph Hooker gives a 
list) ; and in the second place a series of European genera 
usually of a somewhat more southern character, mostly re- 
presented by very distinct species, and all absent from New 
Zealand; such as Clematis, Papaver, Cleome, Polygala, Lava- 
tera, Ajuga, &c. Now of the first set — the North European 
sjpccies — about three-fourths occur in some parts of America, and 
about half in South Temperate America or New Zealand; 
whence we may conclude that most of these, as w T ell as some 
