INDEX. 
519 
Excentricity, variations of during three mil- 
lion years, 164 
Excentricity a test of rival theories of cli- 
mate, 165 
Excentricity, high, its effects on warm and 
cold climates, 192 
Explanation of peculiarities of the fauna of 
Celebes, 431 
Extinct animals showing changes of distri- 
bution, 100 
Extinct birds of the Mascarene Islands, 407 
of New Zealand, 447 
Extinction caused by glacial epoch, 119 
F. 
Families, restricted areas of, 28 
distribution and antiquity of, 66 
Fauna and flora, pecularities of British, 345 
Fauna of Borneo, affinities of, 355 
of Java, 356, 357 
of Java and Asia compared, 358 
Faunas of Hainan, Formosa, and Japan 
compared, 379 
Felis, 17, 25 
Ferns, abundance of in Mascarene flora, 416 
Ficus, 179 
Fire-weed, the, of Tasmania, 481 
Fisher, Rev. O., on temperature of space, 
126 
Fishes, dispersal of, 73 
peculiar British, 321 
cause of great speciality in , 323 
mode of migration of freshwater, 324 
freshwater, of New Zealand, 454 
Floating islands and the dispersal of ani- 
mals, 72 
Flora of the Azores, 248 
of Bermuda, 261 
of the Galapagos, 276 
of St. Helena, 294 
of the Sandwich Islands, 305 ; peculiar 
features of, 306 
pecularities of the British, 339 
of Madagascar and the Mascarene 
Islands, 410 
of Madagascar and South Africa allied, 
416 
Flora of New Zealand, 457 
very poor, 458 
its resemblance to the Australian, 459 
its differences from the Australian, 459, 
460 
origin of Australian element in, 467 
tropical character of explained, 469 
summary and conclusion on, 474 
Floras of New Zealand and Australia, 
summary of conclusion as to, 510 
Florida and Canada, resemblances of, 5 
and Bahamas, contrasts of, 5 
Fogs cut off the sun’s heat in glaciated 
countries, 140 
Forbes, Mr. D., analysis of chalk, 89 
Former continuity of scattered groups, 68 
Formosa, 371 
physical features of, 372 
animal life of, 373 
list of mammalia of, 374 
list of land-birds peculiar to, 375 
Forests, submerged, 315 
Freezing water liberates low-grade heat, 
140 
Fresh-water deposits, extent of, 94, 95 
Fresh-water organisms absent in St. Helena, 
293 
snail peculiar to Ireland, 338 
Fresh-water fishes of the Seychelles 403 
Frogs of the Seychelles, 403 
of New Zealand, 454 
Fuegia, European plants in, 489 
Fulicaalai, 301 
G. 
Galapagos, absence of mammalia and am- 
phibia from, 268 
reptiles of, 268 
birds of, 270 
insects of, 273 
land-shells of, 274 
flora of, 276 
Galapagos Islands, 265 
and Azores contrasted, 279 
Galbula cyaneicollis, 17 
rufoviridis, 17 
viridis, 17 
Galeopithecus, 62 
Oallinula sandvichensis, 301 
Gardner, Mr. J. S., on Tertiary changes of 
climate, 197 
Garrulus, distribution of species of, 20 
Oarrulus glandarius, 20, 22, 65 
G. cervicalis, 21 
G. kryniclci, 21 
G. atricapillw, 21 
G. hyrcanus, 21 
G. brandti, 21, 22 
G. lanceolntus, 21 
G. bispecularis, 21 
G. sinensis, 21 
G. taivanus, 22 
G. japonicus, 22, 65 
G. lidthi, 22 
Geikie, Dr. James, on interglacial deposits, 
118 
on age of buried river-channels, 317 
Prof. A., on stratified rocks being found 
near shores, 84, 85 
on formation of chalk in shallow water, 
94 
on permanence of continents, 101 
on variation in rate of denudation, 
167 
on the rate of denudation, 207 
on small amount of marine denudation, 
218 
Genera, extent of, 17 
origin of, 60 
rise and decay of, 62 
Generic areas, 16 
Generic and Family distribution, 25 
Genus, defined and illustrated, 16 
Geographical change as a cause of glacia- 
tion, 143 
changes, influence of, on climate, 146, 
147 
changes, effect of on Arctic climates, 
188 
changes of Java and Borneo, 359 
changes as modifying organisms, 220 
Geological change, probably quicker in 
remote times, 216 
changes as aiding the migration of 
plants, 487 
climates and geographical conditions, 
197 
climates as affecting distribution, 502 
climates, summary of causes of, 502 
time, 203 
time, value of the estimate of, 217 
time, measurement of, 226 
time, summary of views on, 505 
