INDEX. 
523 
New species, origin of, 55 
Newton, Mr. E., on short wings of the Sey- 
chelles dove, 408 
Newton, Professor, on recently extinct birds, 
408 
Newts, restricted range of, 30 
New Zealand, recent glaciation of, 157 
New Zealand, 442 
geology of, 443 
form of sea-bottom around, 443 
zoological character of, 444 
mammalia of, 444 
wingless birds of, 447 
European plants in, 447 
past changes of, 448 
winged birds and lower vertebrates of, 
453 
deductions from pecularities of fauna of, 
454 
period of its union with N. Australia, 
454 
the flora of, 457 
route of Arctic plants to, 490 
endemic genera of plants in, 494 
great antiquity of, 494 
Nordenskjold, Prof., on absence of perpetual 
snow in N. Asia, 131 
on recent milder climate in Spitzbergen, 
176 
on former Polar climates, 181 
on geology of Spitzbergen, 182 
North America, glacial phenomena in, 112 
interglacial warm periods in, 117 
condition of in Tertiary period, 187 
Northern genera of plants in S. temperate 
America, 489 
hemisphere, absence of southern plants 
from, 495 
flora, hardiness of, 496 
O. 
Oceanic islands a proof of the permanence 
of oceans, 97 
Oceanic and continental islands, 234 
Oceanic islands, 235, 238 
— the Azores, 239 
general remarks on, 310 
Ocean-currents as carriers of plants, 79 
as affecting interglacial periods, 148 
as determining climate, 149 
effects of in Tertiary times, 190 
Ocean, Darwin on permanence of, 97 
Octodontidae, 26 
(Eninghen, Miocene flora of, 177 
(Enanthe fluviatilis, 339 
CEnothera odorata, on a railway bank, 483 
Oliver, Professor, on peculiar Bermudan 
plants, 262 
Operculata, scarcity of in the Sandwich 
Islands, 304 
Ophrys apifera, temporary appearance of, 
482 
Orchidese, species have restricted ranges, 
473 
Orchids, abundance of, in Bourbon and 
Mauritius, 416 
why almost universal in the tropics, 417 
Orders, distribution of, 29 
Organic change dependent on change of 
conditions, 218 
Oriental Region, definition of, 43 
mammals and birds of, 41 
reptiles of, 45 
insects of, 45 
Origin of new species, 55, 59 
Origin of new genera, 60 
of the Galapagos flora, 277 
of the beetles of St. Helena, 289 
of Australian element in the New 
Zealand flora, 467 
Orkney, peculiar fishes of, 321, 323 
Orthonyx not a New Zealand genus, 453 
Osprey, wide range of, 15 
Ostriches, 28 
Otter- like mammal in New Zealand, 416 
Overlapping and discontinuous are.is, 28 
P. 
Pachyglossa aureolimbata, 433 
Palsearctic Region, limits of, 39 
characteristic features of, 40—42 
Palaeozoic formations, depth of, round 
London, 211 
Palm confined to Round Island, 415 
Panax, 179 
Papilio, 17 
Paraguay, no wild horses or cattle in, 219 
Parnassius, 41 
Parus ater, 19 
P. borealis, 19, 64 
P. britannicus, 321 
P. camtschatkensis, 19 
P. cinctus, 20 
P. ceeruleus, 19 
P. cyaneus, 19 
P. cristatus, 20 
P. ledouci, 19 
P. lugu.br is, 20 
P. major, 19 
P. palustris, 19 
P. palustris, discontinuous area of, 64 
P. rosea, 321 
P. teneriffce, 19 
Passeres of the Sandwich Islands, 302 
Past changes of New Zealand, 448 
Patula Reiniana, 260 
Payer, Lieut., on evaporation of ice during 
the Arctic summer, 135 
Petroselinum segetum on railway bank, 432 
Perodicticus, 26 
Permian formation, indications of ice-action 
in, 193 
Permanence of continents, summary of 
evidence for, 101 
Pennula millei, 301 
Pengelly, Mr., on submerged forests, 315 
Peculiar fauna of New Zealand, deductions 
from, 454 
Philippine Islands, 361 
recent additions to fauna of, 3S1 
past history of, 361 
Phryniscidse, 27 
Phyllodactylus galapagensis, 269 
Phylloscopus borealis, range of, 15 
Physical causes which determine distribu- 
tion, 500 
features of Formosa, 372 
Pin us abies in Grinnell Land, 178 
Pica, 17 
Pickering, Dr., on the flora of the Sandwich 
Islands, 306 
on families absent from the Sandwich 
Islands, 806 
on temperate forms on mountains of the 
Sandwich Islands, 307 
Pithecia monachus, 18 
P. rvfibarbata, 18 
Pitta, distribution of, 25 
Plants, dispersal of, 77 
seeds of, adapted for dispersal, 73 
