INDEX. 
525 
Slag peculiar to Ireland, 338 
Snakes of the Galapagos, 289 
of the Seychelles, 403 
Snake peculiar to Round Island, 410 
Snow and ice, properties of, in relation to 
climate, 127 
Snow, effects of on climate, 128 
quantity of heat required to melt, 129 
often of small amount in high latitudes, 
130 
never perpetual on lowlands, 131 
conditions determining perpetual, 134 
maintains cold by reflecting the solar 
heat, 139 
Snow-line, alterations of, causing migration 
of plants, 484 
Sollas, Mr. J. W., on greater intensity of 
telluric action in past time, 216' 
South Africa, recent glaciation of, 157 
many northern genera of plants in, 492 
its supposed connection with Australia, 
493 
Southern plants, why absent in the Northern 
Hemisphere, 495 
South American plants in New Zealand, 494 
South Temperate America, 52 
climate of, 142 
Southern flora, comparative tenderness of, 
496 
Space, temperature of, 125 
Specialisation antagonistic to diffusion of 
species, 474 
Species, extinction of, 61 
rise and decay of, 62 
epoch of exceptional stability of, 225 
dying out and replacement of, 380 
preservation of, in islands, 381 
Specific areas, 14 
Spiranthes romanzoviana, 340 
Spitzbergen, Miocene flora of, 177 
absence of boulder-beds in, 181 
Stability of extreme glacial conditions, 153 
Stainton, Mr. H. T., on peculiar British 
moths, 825-330 
Stanivoi mountains, why not ice-clad, 149 " 
Starlings, genera of in New Zealand, 453, 
456 
Stellaria media, temporary appearance of, 
483 
Sternum, process of abortion of keel of, 408 
Stow, Mr. G. W., on glacial phenomena in 
South Africa, 157 
Stratified rocks formed near shores, 83, 85 
deposits, how formed, 211 
Striated rocks, 104 
blocks in the Permian formation, 193 
Strix flammea, 15 
Struthiones, 31 
Struthious birds of New Zealand as indicat- 
ing past changes, 449 
Stylidium, 179 
Submerged forests, 815 
Subsidence of isthmus of Panama, 146 
Sumatra, geology of, 859 
Sweden, two deposits of “till” in, 117 
Swimming powers of mammalia, 71 
Swinhoe, Mr. Robert, researches in Formosa, 
372 
Switzerland, interglacial warm periods in, 
117 
Sylviadas, overlapping genera of, 28 
T. 
Talpidse, 41 
Tapirs, distribution of, 24 
former wide range of, 393 
Tarsius, 62 
Tarsius spectrum, 427 
Tasmania and North Australia, resemblance 
of, 5 
route of Arctic plants to, 490 
Taxodium distichum in Spitzbergen, 177 
Temperate climates in Arctic Regions, 175 
Australian genera of plants in New 
Zealand, 470 
Australian species of plants in New 
Zealand, 471 
Temperature, how dependent on sun’s dis- 
ance, 125, 
of space, 125 
Tertiary glacial epochs, evidence against, 
173 
warm climates, continuous, 182 
Test of glaciation at any period, 169 
Testudo abingdonii, 268 
T. microphyes, 268 
Tetraogallus, distribution of, 24 
Thais, 42 
Thomson, Sir William, on age of the earth, 
206 
Sir Wyville, on organisms in the 
globigerina-ooze, 87 
Thryothorus bewickii, discontinuity of, 66 
“ Till ” of Scotland, 109 
several distinct formations of, 114 
Tits, distribution of species of, 19 
Torreya, 179 
Tortoises of the Galapagos, 268 
Trade-winds, how modified by a glacial 
epoch, 137 
Tragulidse, 27 
Travelled blocks, 106 
Tremarctos, an isolated genus, 28 
Triassic warm Arctic climate, 195 
Tribonyx not a New Zealand genus, 453 
Trichoptera peculiar to Britain, 337 
Trogons, 27 
Tropical affinities of New Zealand birds, 453 
character of the New Zealand flora, cause 
of, 469 
genera common to New Zealand and 
Australia, 469 
Turdus, 17, 25 
Turdus fuscescens, variation of, 57 
Tylor, A., on evidence of floods during de- 
posit of gravels, 116 
on estimating the rate of denudation, 
207 
Tyrannidse, 48 
U. 
Urania, 28 
Ursus, 25 
Uropeltidse, 29 
Urotrichus, distribution of, 25 
V. 
Variation in animals, 50 
amount of, in N. American birds, 57 
Vegetation, local peculiarities of, 180 
effects of Polar night on, 191 
Vesperugo serotinus, range of, 14 
Vireonidse, 48 
Vireosylvia gilvus and V. swainsonii, 66 
W. 
Wallich, Dr. , on habitat of globigerinae, 90 
Water, properties of in relation to climate, 
127, 128 
