CATTLE , AYESIIIREB. 
81 
but never to compare the size of escutcheon in cows of different breeds. 
I think this point means more relative to size in the Ayrshire than in the 
Holstein or Dutch ; and I am certain that while it may bo safe to follow 
it in the Ayrshire in the majority of instances, it would be equally unsafe 
to adopt it in selecting a Short-Horn, for the obvious reason that that 
breed lias been bred for generations for other purposes than those of the 
dairy. , 
The udder and its dependencies, the milk veins, and the escutcheon! 
mark, may be considered the foundation of the Ayrshire cow. These in- 
fluence profit, and also the shapes of the body and the form of the animal. 
The milk vessel is placed in the pubic region of the cow, and is protected 
on either side by the hind limbs. The breadth of its attachments secures 
breadth of body, and the weight requires also a depth of quarter and of 
Ranks. The breadth below requires breadth of hip above, and length of 
loin here appears related to length of pelvis. So much for the physical 
portion. The physical function of milk-producing demands a great and 
continuous How of blood, for it must not be forgotten that milk is blood, 
so to speak. This flow is dependent on the supply of food, and on tho 
facilities of digestion, to gain this, a large body is required in order to 
hold the suitable digestive organs. 
“To gain further room for these, we desire to sec arched ribs, depth, 
yet no heaviness, of flank, and breadth of hips which we see was also 
required for the broad udder. To sustain this body, a strong, firm back 
is needed. To gain the most of our blood after it has absorbed the ehylo 
from the digestive organs, reason shows that it should find its way freely 
and speedily through the system on its labors of supply and removal, 
cleanse itself in the lungs, and again pass on to its duties. All this points 
Ito a healthy heart, not cramped, and lungs of sufficient capacity ; for the 
yield of milk drains much nutriment from the system, and the constitu- 
tion must needs have tho vigor given by healthy and active heart and 
lungs. In this way the chest is correlated with the udder. 
“The reproductive functions require hock bones of good size, and a 
broad pelvis is desirable, as underlying within are the generative organa. 
Defects here are to be shunned. 
“ Thus the necessities of the body of a good milking cow require 
the wedge shape, and this not only from the flanks, but also when viewed’ 
from above.” 
A Summing TTp. 
The points of the Ayrshire cow, as given by the Ayrshire Agricultural 
Society, and the New York Stato Agricultural Society, have been summed 
up as follows : 
