12S 
ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 
napolis, 1872, “pure-bred,” “full-blood,” and “thorough-bred,” wero 
defined as being synonymous terms, and to indicate “animals of a distinct 
and well-defined breed, without any admixture of other blood.” 1'he fol- 
lowing definitions were adopted by the association. 
“‘Cross-bred’ — Animals produced by breeding together distinct 
'breeds.” 
‘“Grades’ — Tho produce of a cross between a ‘pure-bred’ and a 
I'native.’” 
‘“High grade’ — An animal of mixed blood, in which the blood of a 
pure-bred predominates.” 
The produce of a Devon and a Short-Horn would be a cross bred 
animal. In-and-in breeding is considered to be the coupling of animals 
of the closest relationship, as the produce of one sire and dam, etc. 
Close breeding is the breeding of animals together that are closely related ; 
as animals one or two removes from the parent stock, in relationship. 
High breeding is sometimes incorrectly used in this connection ; it is 
wrong. Many of our most highly bred horses are not closely related, 
ana the same may be said of our pure cattle. High breeding properly 
signifies the selection of the breeding stock, within tho limits of some 
particular family, and within a definite standard of excellence and 
characteristics. 
How to Breed Gradeo. 
Select the best cows you can find, that is, those that come the nearest 
to the standard of excellence for the purpose wanted ; then select a bull 
combining in the most eminent degree possible tho points of real excel- 
lence for the outcome expected, not in fancy breeding but in adaptability 
to the end sought. Thus, if for beef, he should be of fair size, not too 
largo, certainly not too small, but of excellent fineness combined with 
great loins, rumps and thighs, round-ribbed, and well ribbed to the 
hip bones, — in other words, what a breeder would call a well-bred, serviceable 
animal. 
If for milk, the bull must have come of a line of uniform milkers, for 
here the udder and milk-veins are the essential part. In fact, the male 
must possess the peculiarities characteristic of the breed, and better if 
from a family of extraordinary excellence. Why ? Such animals are pre- 
potent; that is, they will impress upon their progeny the distinguishing 
characteristics and excellence of their race. By following the directions 
we shall give, in ten years one may have grades bred to such excellence 
that none but the most critical judges of stock can tell them from pure bred 
cattle. 
