CATTLE, HOW TO SHELTER. 
159 
pounded in place below. Shave the upper ends so they will fit the holes 
in the scantling above. Drive them solidly into the holes below, pinning 
each one ‘fast with a half -inch pin. Slip a four-inch iron ring over each 
stake. Lay the upper scantling on top, entering the standards as you 
go. It is better that they have some play. Lower the scantling on top 
of the posts, and pin and spike them firmly to the posts. Cut stout rope 
six feet, six inches long, splice a four-inch loop on one end, whip the 
other end with small cord so it will not unravel ; pass the rope through 
the ring and back to the loOp so the' end of the loop will be eight inches 
from the ring ; pass the end of the rope through the loop, draw tight and 
make fast with two half hitches, or, better, whip the two portions of 
rope together as far as the loop. The cattle are then ready to be tied 
up, by passing the rope about the neck and through the loop, and draw- 
ing just tight enough so the animal cannot slip it over the horns. Iron 
chain bails that will last a life-time are kept ready made by agricultural 
implement men, and are much the cheapest in the end. Tied thus, cat- 
tle can easily reach their food, can lick themselves, can rest perfectly, 
but cannot reach to injure each other. A six-inch board nailed along the 
standard at a proper height, say about six inches below the tops of the 
shoulders of the cows, will prevent their reaching too far into the feed- 
ing passage. 
About Barna. 
The first tiling to do in the erection of any building is planning to a 
certainty what accommodations are wanted and the probable cost. The 
farm barn, if there is to be only one, must be made to answer a variety 
of purposes. It must contain stables for cattle and horses, calf pens, 
shelter for sheep, a threshing floor, bays or mows for hay and grain, room 
for vehicles and many tools, harness room, granary, and, if the barn is a 
large one, room for placing a horse-power. 
Years ago barns were seldom made higher than eighteen-feet posts. In 
these days of improved machinery it is as easy to fill a barn twenty-five or 
thirty feet high as one that is lower. The nearer square or octagonal a 
barn is and the higher, the less its relative cost, so that now barns are 
built of two or three stories when a slight declivity may bo had for the 
site. If of two stories, the basement is cut up into stables for cattle and 
6lieep, storage for heavy tools and machinery, calf. pens, etc., etc. 
The main floor will contain bays for hay and grain, threshing floor, a 
harness room and granary. Practically there is no advantage in tho third 
story. The barn may be as high as is needed, the bay continued to the 
roof ; the stable, harness room, granary, etc., may be floored over, and a 
