CATTLE, nOW TO BUT AND SELL. 
205 
teats be well apart ; let them yield a full and free stream, and be large 
enough without the necessity, in milking, of pulling them between the 
thumb and forefingers. And let us ever keep in mind that the large 
yielder must be well fed. 
Prof. Magnc, V. S., of the Veterinary School, Alfort, some thirty 
years ago, as to the relations below the escutcheons and the functions of 
the milky glands, and as differing from M. Guenon in some of the details, 
gives the following explicit information : 
“The direction of the hair is subordinate to that of the arteries ; when 
a large plate of hair is directed from below, upwards, on the posterior 
face of the udder, and on the twist, it proves that the arteries that sup- 
ply tho milky system are large, since they pass backwards beyond it, 
convey much blood, and consequently give activity to its functions. Up- 
per tufts, placed on the sides of the vulva, prove that the arteries of the 
generative organs are strongly developed, reach even to the skin, and 
give great activity to those organs. The consequence is, that after a cow 
is again with calf, it draws off the blood which was flowing to the milky 
glands, lessens, and even stops the secretions of milk. 
“ In the bull, the arteries, corresponding to the mammary arteries of 
the coio, being intended only for coverings of the testicles, are very slightly 
developed ; and there, accordingly, the escutcheons are of small extent.” 
Value of Escutcheon Marks. 
After the explanation, which accords very well with all that has been 
observed, it is easy to comprehend the value of the escutcheons. The 
more the lower ones are developed, the greater the quantity of milk ; but 
shape is of consequence. 
Still, whatever be the cause of the relations existing between the pro- 
duction of milk and the escutcheons, these marks cannot furnish data so 
certain as some have affirmed them to be. 
In fact, the quantity of milk, and its quality, do not depend solely on 
the form and size of the escutcheon ; they depend on the food, the par- 
ticular management, the climate, the season, the temperament, the size 
and energy of the principal internal organs, the capacity of the chest, the 
influence of the generative system, etc. All these circumstances cause 
the quantity of milk to vary, without making any change on the extent 
of the escutcheon ; consequently, it is impossible that the same relation 
can always exist between the escutcheons and the quantities of milk. We 
often see cows equally well shaped, having exactly the same escutcheon, 
and pl&eoi under the same hygienic conditions, yet not giving equal quan- 
45 
