1890.] 
A Grammar of the Chhattisgarhi dialed. 
39 
Past participle. 
t* ‘to give,’ f^S, or 
#«r(^/$), ‘ to take,’ or f%^. 
Examples. S'* wV or IT SsYuV ‘ I became,’ JinW ‘ I went,’ ■^Y 
JTTH ‘he went,’ Hffru, *sY f%T* ^'Y ‘he did,’ f<vi or H* 
‘ I gave,’ <Y ‘ he took.’ 
CHAPTER XV. The use of Negatives. 
182. The following examples will show the use of negatives used 
emphatically. 
if «tt simf . w“ ^Y «h^t, 
«T sit 5ST9, fl 3ITH 
?r sit ww, 3TTTO 
and so on 
. ^ ‘ I certainly will not go.’ 
} ‘ thou shalt not go.’ 
Note also irregular optional forms like 
^*Y sit 5ITsr-t, for 'flY srtf snsr-%, f he is not going.’ 
#Y 3i;si-^sr, for srff aitsr-^si, ‘ we are not going.’ 
CHAPTER XVI. The Passive Voice. 
383. The Passive voice of any verb is formed by conjugating 
the y/ an with the past participle of the verb : thus, — 
./ . ‘ stop,’ ‘ prevent,’ ‘ stand across the way.’ 
Passive Indicative, — 
Preterite : 
Future : 
Present : 
Preterite : 
- — <* 
I* 
S'" Wcfi-^nllT, 
«*• - 
SI ^-51 <W, 
‘ I was stopped.’ 
‘ I shall be stopped.’ 
‘ (If) I be stopped.’ 
‘ (If) I had been stopped.’ 
And so on. 
CHAPTER XVII. Causal Verbs. 
184. A Causal verb is regularly formed by adding ^tl to the root 
of the simple verb, and a double causal by adding The stems thus 
formed are conjugated exactly like verbs whose roots end in See 
§ 169. 
185. Thus take the simple verb v / V~3K, ‘ run.’ The first future 
indicative of its causal would be *T ‘ I shall cause to ruu,’ 
and of the double causal, if vVv^WT, ‘ I shall cause to cause to run.’ 
