28 
[No. 1, 
Hiralal Kavyopadhyaya and G. A. Grierson — 
CHAPTER XI. Auxiliary Verbs. 
119. As already stated, there are two auxiliary verbs, one Defec- 
tive, and the other Complete. 
The Defective auxiliary verb is quite irregular, and is not bound 
by the foregoing rules. 
Tho Complete auxiliary verb is only sometimes slightly irregular 
in the Past Participle and the tenses connected with it. 
DEFECTIVE AUXILIARY VERB. 
1 be,’ X^ ‘ remain.’ 
120. There are only three tenses, the present, the preterite and 
the perfect ; the rest is borrowed from the complete verb y/ "Ct 1 become.’ 
The present is formed from the and the preterite from the 
•v/ X'*. 
121. Present, ‘lam’ fyc. 
Pro- 
noun. 
Singular. 
Pro- 
noun. 
Plural. 
Polite form. 
Vulgar form. 
Polite form. 
Vulgar form. 
5*0 
$ 
s 
w 
?T 
3* 
vt 
*tPl 
5* 
4% 
t±<a 
V 
4r 
The final vowel of the second person plural is often not clearly 
pronounced, so that it is difficult to say whether it is ssff or ^j. 
122. Preterite, ‘ I was’ Sfc. 
Singular. 
Plural. 
— >«« 
n vvsu 
X^if 
*T X% X^W, or X^ 
Xf%*T 
