36 
Rural Roads. 
the use of the straight-edge and level is necessary to secure a 
uniform cross section. 
The surface on which the stones are to be laid should, as far 
as possible, be made uniform as regards drainage, shape, and 
consolidation, and the stones spread as nearly as may be of 
uniform depth. The coating should be thoroughly rolled dry 
and without the admixture of any blinding, though scarifying 
or wetting the old surface slightly to secure rapid incorpora- 
tion is sometimes desirable in light coating. The dry rolling 
should be continued until the stones show a markedly mosaic 
appearance, and then, and not till then, the smallest possible 
quantity of blinding should be applied by making up a slurry, 
like very thin mortar, in the road channel and sweeping it 
towards the centre as rolling proceeds from each side. The 
quantity of dry blinding should never exceed about 5 per cent, 
of the quantity of stones to which it is applied with ordinary 
depths of coating. The one thing to bear in mind is that to 
secure the best work practically no blinding should pass below 
the top layer of stones ; it should merely fill the fine joints 
already secured by dry rolling. The quality of blinding to be 
used with steam rolling should be very carefully considered. 
The writer tried all kinds except the nearly pure vegetable soil, 
which is frequently used with disastrous effects ; and he is of 
opinion that the best blinding obtainable is old road mud from 
which the softer materials have been washed and weathered 
away. New road mud contains too great a proportion of soft 
and organic matters for use as blinding. Very fine stone 
screenings also make good blinding, but it should always be 
remembered that it is not so much “ blinding ” as “ binding ” 
or joint closing which is required. 
Kleinpflaster and Brick-paving. 
In a perfect macadam surface stones of equal size and 
strength lie closely packed together with a very fine network 
of joints thinly masked with hardened mud worn from the 
stones. Such a surface can only be obtained by placing the 
stones by hand on a carefully prepared and equally consoli- 
dated foundation, in the way that almost everlasting footpaths 
have been formed by setting on edge by hand on a uniform 
foundation narrow chips of stone or flat waterworn pebbles 
of nearly uniform size. This method is called “ Hornizing ” 
in Scotland, and it was someivhat closely followed in forming 
roads, with a minimum of soft material in the road crust, 
in the Province of Hanover, where there are few quarries, 
at a cost of only from 10 to 20 per cent, over that for a new 
coating of ordinary macadam, and with most satisfactory and 
economical results. In 1895 fifty-two miles of roads had been 
