54 
Mendel 7 s Laws of Inheritance. 
(Fig. 2). The recessive characters invariably breed true 
to type from the moment of their appearance among the 
descendants of the original cross-breds, so that every bearded 
individual will breed true to this character. The combination 
of beards and laxness or similarly of beards and denseness should 
therefore breed true. Repeated tests have shown that this is 
actually the case. Stable races of each of these forms can 
therefore be isolated in the generation bred from the hybrid. 
The two other types to be considered are the beardless lax and 
dense-eared. The beardless condition is dominant over the 
bearded, and consequently one cannot distinguish between 
those beardless individuals which are pure in this respect and 
those which will throw off recessives when a further generation 
is raised from them. To isolate the pure types it is necessary 
to sow a series and determine which produce beardless forms 
only. On the average the pure beardless form will occur once 
in every three trials. All future sowings of this type when 
isolated will remain pure. 
Both the recessives and the dominants in combination 
with lax or dense ears can then be isolated, the problem of 
finding the pure recessive being simpler than finding the 
pure dominant. 
Such cases as the one just described will probably be met 
with frequently by the breeder. A slightly more complex case 
was discussed theoretically in the Journal (Yol. 65, 1904, page 
342), which may here be referred to from the practical point of 
view. In this case the parents differed from one another in 
two pairs of characters : rough and smooth chaff and red and 
white colour. Of these, roughness and redness are dominant 
over smoothness and whiteness. The generation bred from 
the hybrid consisted of four types : rough red, rough white, 
smooth red, and smooth white in the approximate proportions 
of 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. The smooth and white types being recessive in 
both characters bred true from the first, but the other three 
types involving combinations of dominant characters offer a 
more complex problem. The smooth red, for instance, is pure 
as far as the smoothness goes, but the redness may be pure or 
it may mask a recessive white. To isolate the pure dominant 
form the same breeding test has to be applied, when one in 
every three will breed true to the combination of the recessive 
smoothness with the dominant redness. The same is true 
of the combination of roughness and whiteness. Where the 
two dominants are combined to give rough red individuals, 
the stable form is more difficult to distinguish. As already 
indicated one in three of the reds will breed true and one in 
three of the rough chaffed, so that the chance of finding 
the pair combined in the pure form is only one in nine. To 
