78 
Parasites of Cattle and Sheep. 
tapeworm infests the intestines of the sheep, and is credited 
with causing diarrhoea, &c. Its presence in the intestine may 
be indicated by the appearance of segments in the faeces. 
The whip worm ( Trichocephalus affinis ), a parasite usually 
found holding on to the lining of the bowel, is about one to 
one and a half inches long ; it has a very small head, and very 
long slender front portion, and somewhat abruptly thickens 
towards the tail. Ordinarily only a few specimens are found 
in an animal, and little importance is attached to their presence. 
Occasionally many are found coiled up together in the form of 
a small ball in the intestinal tube. This parasite also infests 
the sheep. 
Liver Fluke ( Distoma hepaticum ) is sometimes found in 
the liver of the ox, but rarely giving rise to symptoms. This 
organ very commonly contains dense walled bladders, cysts, or 
hydatids (the Echinococcus veterinorum ). This bladder or cyst 
contains a watery liquid and very large numbers of the heads 
of minute tapeworms which inhabit the intestine of the dog. 
Of these cysts we may meet with just a single specimen, while 
in some cases they are so numerous as to appear to occupy 
nearly the whole organ. They are whitish, most frequently 
about the size of a walnut ; occasionally larger specimens are 
met with. They are also found in the lungs and in these and 
other situations in cattle, sheep, and man. There are no 
distinctive symptoms shown during life, though they are often 
very numerous. They may cause loss of flesh, unthriftiness, 
indigestion, &c. If the cysts are swallowed by a dog, minute 
tapeworms, one-tliird to one-half of an inch long (the Tcenia 
echinococcus ), develop in his intestine. The preventive treat- 
ment consists of destruction of all the cysts, which may also 
be found in many other situations, and the treatment of dogs 
in the manner to be described under “gid” in sheep. 
Hoose, Husk, or Parasitic Bronchitis. — Cattle may harbour 
in the windpipe and its smaller branches (bronchial tubes) fine 
worms (strongyles), that special to the oxbeing'named^ron^yto 
micrurus. These are usually met with from one to two inches in 
length, and may be found singly or in considerable numbers, 
matted together in bundles in the bronchial tube. The mature 
female is usually full of living embryos. Here they induce 
irritation and the production of mucus, and the disease known 
as parasitic bronchitis, hoose, husk, &c. Young cattle at grass 
are more commonly its subjects. 
Symptoms. — The irritation of the bronchi and the collection 
of mucus cause a cough of a husky character. This cough 
which is usually noticed from March to October is frequent 
and easily excited if the young animals are moved about 
rapidly or hustled. Sometimes paroxysms or fits of coughing 
